014475   Wang C;Kim N Y (RFIC Laboratory, Electronic Engineering Dep, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-dong, Nowon-ku, Seoul 139-701, Korea) : Design of high-performance wilkinson power divider on SI-GaAs substrate using integrated passive technology. IETE J Res 2012, 58(4), 322-7.

An integrated passive device technology by semi-insulating (SI)-GaAs-based fabrication has been developed to meet the ever-increasing needs of size and cost reduction in wireless applications. This technology includes reliable NiCr thin film resistor, high Q spiral inductor due to thick plated Cu/Au metal process to reduce resistive loss, high breakdown voltage metal-insulator-metal capacitor due to a thinner dielectric thickness, lowest parasitic effect by multi air-bridged metal layers, air-bridges for inductor underpass and capacitor pick-up, and low chip cost using only six process layers. This paper presents the Wilkinson power divider with excellent performance for a digital cellular system application. The insertion loss of this power divider is -0.53 dB and the port isolation greater than -30 dB over the entire band. Return loss in input and output ports are -20.2 dB and -35.8 dB, respectively. The Wilkinson power divider based on SI-GaAs substrates is designed within a die size of 1.42 mm².

7 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

014474   Wang C;Kim N Y (RFIC Laboratory, Electronic Engineering Dep, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye dong, Nowon ku, Seoul 139-701, Korea) : Optimization of NiCr thin film resistor on semi-insulating-GaAs substrate in advanced integrated passive device process. IETE J Res 2012, 58(4), 279-83.

In this paper, a subtractive method is proposed for the optimization of NiCr thin film resistor (TFR) in steady of a method of depositing the bottom metal layer from the semi-additive method. The variations of the maximum sheet resistances in the optimized NiCr TFR are within 2.88% and the 3-sigma variation is around 0.87%, which are much higher accurate than the previous fabricated TFRs demonstrated in the lately published papers. The proposed manufacturing process is an optimal solution for manufacturing the NiCr TFRs in the advanced integrated passive devices (IPDs) process on the semi-insulating-GaAs substrate that require stringent size and volumetric efficiency.

7 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

014473   Tiwari S K;Choubey P K;Mahapatra S P (Chemistry Dep, National Institute of Technology, Raipur-492 010, Email: om_spm@yahoo.com) : Chlorobutyl elastomer-multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposites as effective barrier materials. J Metall Mater Sci 2012, 54(4), 279-89.

The field of polymer nanocomposite has attracted attention as a method of enhancing polymer properties and extending their utility by using molecular or nanoscale reinforcements rather than conventional particulate filled composites. These materials exhibit different behavior from conventional composite materials with micro scale structure due to small size of structural unit and high surface to volume ratio. The high aspect ratio of multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) layer is ideal for reinforcement. Chlorobutyl Elastomer nanocomposites were prepared using MWCNT as filler. These nanocomposites exhibit a threefold increase in tensile strength with MWCNT loadings. Moreover excellent barrier properties were offered by the nanocomposites, due to the presence of the well dispersed MWCNT platelets observed from scanning electron microscopy. The calculation of working times or break through times of the nanocomposite membranes makes them ideal for barrier materials as well as chemical protective clothing material. Moreover the enhanced mechanical, barrier, bound rubber content and diffusion characteristic of the nanocomposites make suitable candidates for advanced applications.

7 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

014472   Srivastava S;Pandey B;Tiwari S N;Singh J; Shukla S N (Physics and Electronics Dep, Dr. R.M.L. Avadh Univ, Faizabad-224 001) : Qualitative analysis of Mos based Darlington pair amplifiers. Bull pure appl Sci-Sect D 2011, 30(2), 195-203.

Two modifications in small-signal Darlington pair amplifier are proposed initially by replacing BJTs of the pair with two identical power MOS transistor. As a rare feature, one of the proposed amplifiers simultaneously produces high voltage and current gains with widening of bandwidth and therefore it can be used for signal processing if used with appropriate filter. Poor response of BJT based conventional small-signal Darlington pair amplifiers at higher frequencies are found absent in the proposed amplifier circuits. Variations in voltage gain as a function of frequency and different biasing reSistances, bandwidth and total harmonic distortion of the amplifiers are also perused.

014471   Singh K P (Physical Sciences Dep, IISER Mohali, Sector 81, Manauli-140 306, Email: kpsingh@iisermohali.ac.in) : Progress in sub-femtosecond control of electron localization in molecules. Pramana J Phys 2014, 82(1), 87-95.

Recent advances in controlled generation of intense, ultrashort laser pulses in the femtosecond and attosecond time-scales have pushed new avenues of research in the coherent control of ultrafast electron dynamics in atoms and molecules. Author presented a topical review on the phenomenon of control of electron localization in small dissociating molecules. By creating and controlling coherent superposition of the symmetric and antisymmetric electronic states, it becomes possible to confine the evolving electron cloud onto a preferred nucleus, thereby steering the molecule towards a desired dissociation route. Discussed the origin of the idea and various, mechanisms to achieve electron localization in small molecules. To highlight recent experimental progress, and explain how one can employ few-cycle IR pulses and different attosecond extreme ultraviolet (EUV) pulses in various ways to successfully demonstrate the control of electronic dynamics. Future research opportunities and challenges on this topic are envisioned.

3 illus, 43 ref

014470   Singh D D N;Lahiri A K (Corrosion and Surface Engineering, CSIR-NML, Jamshedpur, Email: ddns@nmlindia.org) : Corrosion inhibitors: an effective medicine to stem the rot. Sci Cult 2012, 78(11-12), 574-51.

Amongst the various methods discovered to control metallic corrosion, the use of corrosion inhibitors is the most convenient, eco-friendly, economic and effective technique. The dose of inhibitors is in parts per million (ppm), but accrued savings for metals exposed in extremely hostile and inaccessible environmental conditions are in tonnage. The founders of CSIR-NML realizing the wisdom of the adage "Prevention is better than Cure" even for metals and alloys initiated research activities in this area from the early 1960s. This paper incorporates the research activities on corrosion and control, specifically in the area of corrosion inhibitors, pursued by CSIR-NML in the past six decades. The deliberation addresses the economic impact of corrosion prevention methods developed by this Laboratory and adopted by various industries.

18 ref

014469   Sidharthan V;Gopalakrishnan K (Electronics Dep, S.N.R. Sons College, Coimbatore-641 006, Email: n.v.sidharth@gmail.com) : Low power, high speed and memory reduction using block enabling techniques. J Innovative Res Solut 2012, 1A(1), 51-6.

This paper provides the experience of applying an MAC for low power, high speed, and reduced memory. The unwanted switching power is filter out by two approaches, using registers and using logic gates, to assert the data signals of MAC after the data transition. The Block Enabling Techniques has been applied on MAC to enlarge the power reduction. The simulation results show that the MAC implementation with logic gates owns an extremely high edibility on adjusting the data asserting time which not only facilitates the robustness of Block Enabling Techniques but also leads to a 40% speed improvement. By Appling 0.18 m CMOS technology, the proposed MAC unit dissipates only 0.0121 mW per MHz signal coding applications, and obtains a 40% power reduction. This design uses only less memory locations. Hence it is suitable for applications where system speed, power and memory size of the system are main concern. This paper also investigates on various architectures of multipliers and adders which are suitable for implementation of high throughput signal processing and at the same time to achieve low power consumption. The whole MAC chip is operated at 125 MHz using 1.8 V power supply. The power is reduced by 27% using the block enabling technique compared to the normal design.

4 illus, 1 table, 6 ref

014468   Sharma D;Paily R (Electrical and Electronics Engineering Dep, VLSI Design Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam) : Multi-standard ∑ - Δ modulator for GSM/WCDMA applications. IETE J Res 2012, 58(4), 292-9.

This paper reports the design of multi-standard sigma delta modulator with low power consideration. It uses the cascaded methodology for modulator design to reduce power dissipation and single feedback system has been used to provide higher stability. The concept of oversampling and noise shaping is used in the design of modulator to increase Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). The OP-AMP designed has a gain of 62 dB and phase margin of 72° to make the design stable. The second order sigma delta modulator designed can be used for either GSM or WCDMA applications at a sampling frequency of 5 MHz and 20 MHz, respectively. The bandwidth of the signal considered for GSM and WCDMA is 200 KHz and 2 MHz, respectively. The SNR and dynamic range obtained for GSM is 82 dB and 71 dB, respectively, and for WCDMA the same is 62 dB and 54 dB, respectively. The multi-standard modulator is designed in standard 180 nm CMOS technology at a power supply of 1.8 V and the total power consumed is 4.867 mW.

9 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

014467   Seshadrinath J;Singh B;Panigrahi B K (Electrical Engineering Dep, IIT, Delhi) : Modified probabilistic neural network-based algorithm for detecting turn faults in induction machines. IETE J Res 2012, 58(4), 300-9.

In this paper, an intelligent technique for detecting the turn fault and supply voltage unbalances in an induction machine is proposed under varying load conditions. The proposed probabilistic neural network (PNN) technique is based on well-established statistical principles rather than heuristic approaches that are adopted in the multi-layer perceptrons. The PNN is derived from the Bayes decision strategy and nonparametric kernel-based estimators of probability density functions. The machine model is developed for inter-turn short circuit fault and it is compared with its a priori models for its robustness in detecting the fault at incipient stages under various operating conditions of the machine. This algorithm is proposed for first time and training, testing, and validation results using the method appear promising and easily realizable in the industries.

8 illus, 5 tables, 38 ref

014466   Senthilkumar G;Gopalakrishnan K (Electronics Dep, S.N.R. Sons College, Coimbatore-641 006, Email: gopalansenthilkumar@hotmail.com) : Voice processing system using ADSP blackfin processor. J Innovative Res Solut 2012, 1A(1), 45-50.

DSP technology triggers many applications in various fields due to its higher performance and low cost. Today voice processing system i.e. voice recognition are gaining momentum in most of the high security environments. To facilitate the voice recognition system with add on features such as low computing cost, fast recognizing characteristics, DSP technology is implemented for processing and recognizing the audio signal. The presently designed system is based on ADSP BF 535 processor energized with Visual DSP++ software which processes a real time voice input and obtained data is compared with the pre stored voice signature samples for authentication which is taken care by the software.

2 illus, 8 ref

014465   Sathiyamurthy S;Syed Abu Thaheer A;Jayabal S (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Dhaanish Ahmed College of Engg, Chennai-601 301, Email: ssathya19782gmail.com) : Modelling and optimization of mechanical properties of Al₂O₃ -coir-polyester composite using regasse surface methology. J Metall Mater Sci 2012, 54(4), 303-10.

The mechanical behaviors namely tensile, flexural, impact and abrasion loss of aluminum oxide filled polyester matrix reinforced with randomly oriented coir fiber were evaluated. The composite fabrications were planned with three levels of fabrication parameters namely fiber length, fiber diameter and filler content as per Design of Experiments (DOE) and the mechanical properties were tested as per ASTM standards. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model was developed to predict the mechanical behaviors within the ranges specified in this investigation.

8 illus, 3 tables, 8 ref

014464   Satheesh B;Anbazhagan R (ECE Dep, Bharath Univ, Chennai-73, Email: satheesh.mit@gmail.com) : Mathematical modeling and simulation of modern cars in the role of stability analysis. J Innovative Res Solut 2012, 1A(1), 32-44.

In India Automobiles provide a vital infrastructure for the growth of industry and agriculture. Human civilization has inevitably relied on substantial movement of passengers and goods in a speedy manner and the volume of this has gone up enormously with massive rise in population and economic activity. The demand of higher operating speeds, greater axle loads, better riding comfort and more running safety has attracted the attention of professional talents to give a serious thought to the problem of vehicle system dynamics and to devise ways and means to achieve the above requirements through effective methods. At present, the researchers are trying to develop mathematical and computer models, which not only provide a more exact simulation but enable studies to be carried out on stability or response, comfort and optimization of the design characteristics of various components of the vehicle system. Vehicle dynamics, stability deals with the study of vehicle in motion under the action of various forces. Any vehicle comprises of linear as well as angular movements along and about the three mutually perpendicular coordinate directions x, y, z. The linear movements are longitudinal, lateral and vertical displacements and the angular movements are rolling, pitching and yawing respectively for x, y, z directions.

5 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

014463   Sahu J K;Sivaprasad S;Swaminathan J;Ray A K; Tarafdar S;Parida N (MST Div, CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur-831 007, Email: jksahu@nmlindia.org) : Integrity assessment of engineering components- perspectives of CSIR-NML. Sci Cult 2012, 78(11-12), 517-23.

Integrity assessment of load bearing engineering components assume significance in view of the growing need for techno-economical design and enhanced safety norms. In the ensuing article, major task elements integral to this multi-faceted engineering problem, such as design against fatigue/creep, fracture analysis, non destructive evaluation, failure analysis and prevention, remaining life assessment are briefly described, highlighting the contribution of CSIR-NML. A brief account on the emergence of these research areas emanating from the industrial need of the country is given.

5 illus, 40 ref

014462   Raju B V S S N;Deergha Rao K (ECE Dep, S.R.K.R. Engineering College, Bhimavaram-534 204) : Robust multiuser detection in chaotic communication systems over non-gaussian fading channels. IETE J Res 2012, 58(4), 259-65.

In this article, author deal with the problem of robust code division multiple access (CDMA) signal detection in a chaotic communication system transmitting across a Non-gaussian fading channel. Since the performance of robust multiuser detector depends on the selection of M-estimator and the spreading sequences, a new influence function is used to derive an improved robust detector for the problem of data detection in CDMA impulsive fading channels using chaotic spreading. Numerical results show that the proposed robustification offers improved performance over Huber's minimax detector and outperforms the DPSK decorrelating detector, particularly when the channel is highly impulsive.

12 illus, 12 ref

014461   Raj A;Goswami B;Ray A K (NO, R.V.S. College of Engineerng & Technology, Jamshedpur-831 012, Email: anant_raj2002@yahoo.com) : Forge and heat-treatments in micro-alloyed steels. J Metall Mater Sci 2012, 54(4), 249-68.

Improved designs, mostly for light weight component manufacturer have been improvement of forging designs and heat-treatment techniques. Low temperature precipitation strengthening and resistance to austenite grain size coarsening at reheat temperature for forging have been property improvement technique in these microalloyed steels. Studies of peak strain and flow stress at 1123-1423 K have showed increase in peak strain, peak stress and increment in mean flow stress in austenite phases in presence of vanadium. Partial vanadium alloying (1part V substitute for 2 parts Mo) by substituting molybdenum has improved hardenability properties of conventional steels. Ultrafine grained steels have showed strain hardening effects from severe deformation by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) followed by annealing. The strain induced precipitation of nano-metric sizes have pinned dislocations for strain hardening. Estimation of remaining life for reactor components have been done by simulated experiments under similar conditions as the service exposure. Vanadium in ferritic stainless steel has showed competitive performance, e.g. chloride environment. This has showed equivalent effects like nickel. In welding of microalloyed steel inter-critical grain coarsened heat affected zone (IC GC HAZ) has martensite austenite (M-A) blisters to yield poorest toughness.

7 illus, 11 tables, 23 ref

014460   Raj A;Goswami B;Ray A K (NO, R.V.S. College of Engineerng & Technology, Jamshedpur-831 012, Email: anant_raj2002@yahoo.com) : High speed steels-a tribute of microalloyed steels. J Metall Mater Sci 2012, 54(4), 225-48.

High speed steels (HSS) have been an alloy steel based on strategies of precipitation in microalloyed steel. Tendency of carbide formation has been utilized for producing a hard, wear resistant and chemically stable product after increasing alloy contents in addition to carbon. Precipitation has been a key term to study its genesis (i) at start of solidification, (ii) during heat-treatment, (iii) effects of retained austenite on fracture toughness, (iv) dissolution tendency of precipitates in austenite in heat treatment, (v) resistance of precipitates to thermalization effects and (vi) favourable effects of precipitates from view points of size, shape and distribution in matrix. Chromium, vanadium, niobium, titanium, cobalt, molybdenum and tungsten are considered as primary and secondary carbide forming elements for acceptable performance, e.g. high temperature wear resistance. Fracture in these alloy steels are initiated by carbides, which have been formed at high temperature and retained as such in heat treatment and likely to coarsen on later courses of lower temperatures. Finer precipitates have been more acceptable and produced by vanadium carbides. Ti, Nb, Mo and W have formed high temperature carbides. Cast route has formed low ductile skeleton of precipitates after solidification, which can not be deformed by hot working, however ferro-vanadium inoculation has changed morphology of carbides for equi-distribution after heat treatment. Controlled atmosphere - powder metallurgy has been route for fabrication of HSS, where ductility is required. Centrifugal casting has rendered successful process for HSS roll manufacture.

3 illus, 18 tables, 28 ref

014459   Raghunath S;Malleswari B L;Karnam S (ECE Dep, GNITS, Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad, Email: swapna_raghunath@rediffmail.com) : Error reduction in GPS datum conversion using Kalman filter in diverse scenarios. Int J Geomatics Geosci 2013, 3(3), 592-604.

The coordinates of a location obtained from a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver depend on the type of environments. This paper discusses the errors in GPS coordinate conversion from the World Geodetic System 84 (WGS84) to the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) system, in different environments and their reduction using Kalman filter. 30 samples of positional coordinates, each for three different cases i.e open area, amidst tall buildings and area having heavy vehicular traffic, have been collected, with the time interval between two successive samples being 1 to 2 minutes. The samples were collected using a Garmin eTrex GPS receiver, which gives the coordinates of a location in both the WGS84 and UTM formats. The collected samples clearly indicated a greater variation in the coordinates for the location surrounded by tall buildings and the location which had a heavy flow of vehicular traffic as compared to the open area without any obstacles. The variation in coordinates can be attributed to multi path errors that occur due to the presence of tall buildings and moving vehicles. After applying a Kalman filter to the UTM values, a considerable improvement in their consistency has been observed.

27 illus, 10 ref

014458   Pujara D;Chakrabarty S B (Electronics & Communication Engineering Dep, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad) : Cancellation of high cross-polarization of an offset parabolic reflector antenna using a rectangular matched feed. IETE J Res 2012, 58(4), 317-21.

This paper presents the design and the experimental results of a dual-mode rectangular-matched feed. This type of feed cancels the unwanted high cross-polarization generated by the offset parabolic reflector antenna. In order to design this feed, higher order TE₁₁ mode has been added in correct amplitude and phase with the fundamental TE ₀₁ mode in a rectangular structure. The proposed feed was then used as a primary feed to illuminate a linearly polarized offset parabolic reflector antenna. Through experimental results, it is verified that such a feed suppresses the undesired high cross-polarization introduced by the offset geometry of an offset reflector antenna. This kind of feed is very much suitable for monopulse tracking radar.

8 illus, 8 ref

014457   Prashantha Kumar H;Sripati U;Rajesh Shetty K; Shankarananda B (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Karnataka) : Enhancing the Error-correcting Capability of Imai-Kamiyanagi Codes for Data Storage Systems by Adopting Iterative Decoding using a Parity Check Tree. IETE J Res 2012, 58(4), 272-7.

A novel low-complexity, soft decision technique which allows the decoding of distance-5 double error-correcting Imai-Kamiyanagi codes by using a parity check tree associated with the Tanner graph is proposed. These codes have been applied to memory subsystems and digital storage devices in order to achieve efficient and reliable data processing and storage. For the AWGN channel, gains in excess of 1.5 dB at reasonable bit error rates with respect to conventional hard decision decoding are demonstrated for the (46, 32), (81, 64), and (148, 128) shortened Imai-Kamiyanagi codes.

6 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

014456   Poonguzhail S;Gopalakrishnan K (Electronics Dep, S.N.R. Sons College, Coimbatore-641 006, Email: poonguzhalisriram@gmail.com) : Structural and electrical behaviour of flyash filled polyaniline composites. J Innovative Res Solut 2012, 1A(1), 84-8.

Polyaniline in combination with flyash is currently finding their application in EMI shielding technology. In the current study the dc conductivity (σdc) of emeraldine base form of Polyanilinie(PANI) and Flyash(FA) with its chemical structure were identified and presented. PANI-FA composites were prepared by oxidative polymerization of aniline with fly ash in presence of ammonium persulphate. (APS). The dc conductivity of Fly ash filled PANI were found by treating the sample in Four-Probe method. The chemical structure were examined via Fourier Transform IR Spectroscopy. FTIR Spectra of the PANI-FA composite is similar to that of pure polyainiline with slight shift. The PANI-FA composite is compared with pure PANI and Pure FA in Four probe method and the study showed that the conductivity of PANI and the composite are almost comparable.

2 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

014455   Pathak B N;Mishra M N;Sahoo K L (Mechanical Engineering Dep, IMS Engineering College, Ghaziabad-201 009, Email: klsah@nmlindia.org) : Solidification behavior, microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-(1 to 5)Fe-1V-1Si alloys. J Metall Mater Sci 2012, 54(4), 291-8.

The paper deals with solidification behavior, microstructure and mechanical properties of the untreated and Ni-Mg treated Al-(l-5)Fe-1Si-1V cast alloys. The alloys are prepared by melting in a clay bonded graphite crucible in a resistance heating furnace and cast in a permanent mould. In both unmodified and modified alloys, the solidification proceeds through several invariant reactions indicating different phase formation at different temperatures. The structure mainly consists of Al³Fe type precipitates and silicides phases. The morphology and size of the precipitates changed after Ni-Mg alloy modification treatment. The first invariant reaction temperature increases with increasing Fe content and also with modification treatment. The tensile strength of the alloys increased considerably with increase in Fe content but at the expense of ductility. Modification treatment further improves the mechanical properties.

6 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

014454   Parmar K;Chongder D;Bandyopadhya N R; Bhattacharjee S (Analytical Chemistry Div, CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur-831 007, Email: santanu@nmlindia.org ) : Synthesis and characterization of Fe(II)-silicate precipitation tube (Fe<. J Metall Mater Sci 2012, 54(4), 269-77.

Micron sized Fe(II)-silicate precipitation tube (Fe^IISPT) synthesized through 'silica garden' route has been characterized by different analytical techniques. These tubes are hollow, porous and hierarchially built from smaller tubules of 5-10 nm diameter. Morphology and chemical composition at the interior and exterior surface of these tubes differ remarkably. Fe^IISPT comprises significant amount of physically and chemically bound moisture. The isoelectric point of Fe^IISPT may be observed at pH 4.01 indicating the surface bearing surplus negative sites. FeIISPT appears to be a potential adsorbent of Hg(II), Zn(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II). Physico-chemical properties of Fe^IISPT have been compared with Fe^IIISPT.

9 illus, 4 tables, 16 ref

014453   Panda A K;Metya A;Bar H N;Roy R K;Murthy G V S;Sagar S P;Mitra A (NDE-Magnetic Materials Group, CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory (NML), Jamshedpur-831 007, Email: akpanda@nmlindia.org) : Non-destructive evaluation for structural health assessment. Sci Cult 2012, 78(11-12), 543-6.

Various non-destructive evaluation (NDE) methodologies have been developed and applied for structural health assessment. Activities on NDE were initiated in the early 1990s under the component integrity evaluation program (CIEP) and ultimately led to the formation of a Centre for Non-destructive Evaluation at CSIR-NML. NDE techniques and methodologies based on acoustic emission, ultrasonic and electromagnetics are being used for evaluation of materials and components from the power plants and petrochemical industries. In several cases, the damages encountered in-service in thermal power plants have been simulated in the laboratory to correlate the damage to select NDE parameters, thereby making on-site and/or on-line evaluation of structural integrity of components possible in the plant.

5 illus, 16 ref

014452   Muralidhar K (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208 016, Email: kmurli@iitk.ac.in) : Imaging unsteady three-dimensional transport phenomena. Pramana J Phys 2014, 82(1), 3-14.

Careful and continuous measurements of flow, heat and mass transfer are required in quite a few contexts. Using appropriate light sources, it is possible to map velocity, temperature, and species concentration over a cross-section and as a function of time. Image formation in optical measurements may rely on scattering of radiation from particles. Alternatively, if the region of interest is transparent, refractive index would be a field variable and beam bending effects can be used to extract information about temperature and concentration of solutes dissolved in liquids. Time-lapsed images of light intensity can be used to determine fluid velocity. Though used originally for flow visualization, optical imaging has now emerged as a powerful tool for quantitative measurements. Optical methods that utilize the dependence of refractive index on concentration and temperature can be configured in many different ways. Three available routes considered are interferometry, schlieren imaging, and shadowgraph. Images recorded in these configurations can be analysed to yield time sequences of three-dimensional distributions of the transported variables. Optical methods are non-intrusive, inertia-free and can image cross-sections of the experimental apparatus. The image data can be jointly analysed with the physical laws governing transport and principles of image formation. Hence, with the experiment suitably carried out, three-dimensional physical domains with unsteady processes can be accommodated. Optical methods promise to breach the holy grail of measurements by extracting unsteady three-dimensional data in applications related to transport phenomena.

5 illus, 23 ref

014451   Mundhe M S;Narkhede C L (NO, Maharashtra Engineering Research Institute, Nashik) : Fly ash colgrout masonry- a economical impermeable masonry for water retaining structures. Wat Energy int 2011, 68(5), 50-4.

Mass works are generally constructed in UCR masonry. It was observed that in this masonry, the voids in the rubbles are not filled up properly with cement mortar which led to heavy seepages through the body of dam after commissioning. This was mainly due to the fact that placement of mortar was not done properly by unskilled inexperienced masons. Colgrout masonry is found to be a best replacement to conventional masonry. Colgrout mortar is a f lowy mortar and gets filled in each and every void in rubbles providing dense, strong and impermeable masonry at w/c ratio as high as 0.85. This technique has built in quality control Fly ash is a wasteful material available in abundant quantity. Generation of fly ash is increasing day by day for want of more & more electricity from thermal power stations. Fly ash is posing stacking, disposal and serious environmental problems. Use of fly ash in mortar/concrete slow down the process of heat of hydration, thereby, strength gain is at later days, generally up to 90 days. Thus, use of fly ash is the need o the day in mass works. Mass works are of the nature of not fully loaded even after 90 days. As they utilize large amount of cement, there is scope of large scale utilization of fly ash as part cement replacement without impairing the properties of masonry. This can economise the cost of project considerably. It improves the impermeability of the structure which is the main requirement for water retaining structures. Thus, use of fly ash is the need of the day in mass works. Therefore, Studies conducted to evolve the suitable % of cement replacement by fly ash in colgrout masonry indicated that fly ash to extent of 20% can be conveniently utilized in colgrout masonry. These results were also compared well with the test results of cores drilled from the blocks of fly ash colgrout masonry, specially constructed at Wan Project, Dist. Akola for the study.

014450   Mittal N (NO, , EMCO Ltd.) : Solar photovoltaic industry in India: changing landscape. Wat Energy int 2011, 68(6), 41-2.

Key drivers for Solar Market in India have been country's rapidly rising primary energy and electricity needs, persistent energy deficit situation, country's overdependence on coal for power generation, and on oil and gas imports. These factors coupled with India's endowment with abundant solar irradiation have made Solar particularly attractive to the country's energy strategy.

014449   Mediratta R K (NO, , ) : Renewable energy certificates: new market option for wind generators. Wat Energy int 2011, 68(6), 13-8.

The Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) announced framework for Renewable Energy Certificates (REC) on 14th January 2010. With the emergence of this new mechanism, a new market segment is expected to be created for renewable energy generation. This paper attempts to give brief background, legal framework and description of this new mechanism. This paper also touches upon the Status of RPOs, readiness on part of various States to implement this mechanism.

2 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

014448   Maity S;Bandyopadhyay A K;Joshi L M (NO, Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-CEERI), Pilani, Rajasthan) : Design of radio frequency cavities for a J-BAND multibeam klystron. IETE J Res 2012, 58(4), 310-5.

This article presents the computer-aided design of the intermediate and input/output cavities of a multi-beam klystron (MBK) working in the J-band frequency range. A coaxial type cavity has been proposed to meet the specified design parameters. The state of the art electromagnetic simulation tool Computer Simulation Technology microwave studio has been used for the design and optimization of the cavity. Different cavity parameters such as the quality factor, shunt impedance, etc. have been estimated with the help of the simulation tool. For the input/output cavities, the issue of symmetric coupling has been studied and a rectangular-shaped central conductor has been proposed to achieve the desired coupling.

14 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

014447   MacLeod N;Lelaidier S (NO, Strathclyde Univ, Glasgow, UK) : UHVDC power transmission: new equipment developments. Wat Energy int 2011, 68(5), 11-5.

Alstom Grid has extended its range of equipment to allow the offering of a full turnkey Ultra High Voltage Direct Current (UHVDC) projects at voltages up to ±800 kV. This paper describes the design and testing of the key technologies required for a UHVDC converter station. A converter transformer test object has been successfully tested, including the through wall bushing which connects into the valve hall. The thyristor valves required a new design of corona shield to ensure safe operation at 800 kV. These have now been fully tested to the highest DC and transient voltage waveforms. A single chamber fast acting by-pass switch has been developed and fully tested, for use in schemes where two series connected 12-pulse bridges are required. To connect the valve hall to the outdoor DC equipment a new dry-type wall bushing has been built and tested. A new range of DC current transducers to provide high accuracy measurement for control and protection purposes, have been developed and fully tested. Disconnects to provide isolation of the DC circuit have been designed and are now on long term test at an outdoor test facility.

9 illus, 6 ref

014446   Lubhaya R;Gupta S K;Kelkar P (Water Resource Dep, Government of Rajasthan, Rajasthan) : Case study of monitoring Indira Gandhi canal using supervisory control and data acquisition system (SCADA). Wat Energy int 2011, 68(6), 36-40.

Indira Gandhi Nahar is about 660 km. Long canal and is life line of Western Rajasthan. It not only delivers water for Irrigation, but also caters drinking water requrements to very thirsty parts of barren Rajasthan. Canal originates from Hari-Ka-Barrage, and flows through Punjab and Haryana before reaching Rajasthan Border. There are more than 53 Head and / or Cross Regulators. Since the canal is too long, it was very difficult to regulate, from one central location. It was a major hurdle to know the discharges of all the Head / Cross Regulators at the same time. Siltation and vegetation, particularly at the tail of the canal, due to sand storms is another problem. The siltation and vegetation reduces the cross sectional area, effecting the discharge, and must be dealt immediately. It is difficult to construct any flow measuring structures in the main canal, discharge measurements, since it runs all 24x7x365. In order to overcome these problems, Water Resources Department, Government of Rajasthan, installed a SCADA system, with, Two Master Control Centres, (MCC) Three Regional Control Centres, (RCC), Eleven Field Control Centres, (FCC), and Fifty Three Measuring Centres, (MC). The discharge and cumulative discharge is measured with latest Side Looking Acoustic Doppler Current Meters (ADCM) and upstream Level by Ultrasonic Level Sensor, in stilling well, at each measuring location. The discharge measured by ADCM was cross checked with Down Looking Acoustic Doppler Profiler (ADCP), which not only calculates the discharges, but measures the actual cross sectional area also. This measurement is carried out by moving the ADCP across the canal. One centimetre position accuracy is achieved with the help of Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS). The actual area calculations, was substituted for discharge measurements using side looking Doppler, as, as-built dimensions may be slightly different than the design dimensions, generating errors. Since the area coverage is very large, the use of Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) type of communication is used for this application. Two way communication VSAT systems are used to pass the required gate opening data to control the Gate operations at some remote crucial locations. The data at measuring stations is logged every 15 minutes interval, and transmitted hourly. Solar Power Supply with two sunless days autonomy, powers all the measuring stations. The SCADA system uploads this received data at www. ignp. co. in website every hour and can be surfaced from anywhere. Since the discharge and levels of every measuring location is available on line, at a glance, at all MCC and RCCs, and FCCs, it is very easy to schedule and reschedule the discharge in any reach of the canal. Since the canal is checked with ADCP every 15 days, any siltation and vegetation is reported immediately, for appropriate action, and correct discharge is reported every time.

4 illus, ref

014445   Khuller A (NO, , ) : Renewable energy certificates in India. Wat Energy int 2011, 68(6), 19-22.

The Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) platform was formally launched by the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) on 18 November 2010. This article focuses on the REC mechanism, and the issues and challenges involved for India.

014444   Karmakar P K;Mondal S;Sanda P K;Machado L A T (Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics, University of Calcutta, , Kolkata-700 009) : Microwave radiometric estimation of excess electrical path - an overview. Int J Geomatics Geosci 2013, 3(3), 628-44.

The most promising technique available for making the vapor measurement is the use of passive microwave radiometry. The dual frequency technique for taking care of unwanted signal from non-prcipitable liquid water is the world-wide accepted technique. Keeping these in mind, an overview has been presented for the radiometric estimation of propagation delay of the microwave signal. This review covers the basic aspects to be taken care of for the measurement. The propagation path delay in temperate and tropical locations is highlighted along with the contribution of water vapor in base line determination.

6 illus, 4 tables, 45 ref

014443   Goyal D P;Singh P K;Sood K K;Gaur P (NO, Jaypee Karcham Hydro Corporation Ltd, ) : Construction aspects of 1000 MW Karcham-Wangtoo hydroelectric project. Wat Energy int 2011, 68(5), 36-44.

This paper brings out the special construction aspects of various civil structures of 1000 MW Karcham- Wangtoo Hydroelectric Project located in South-West Himalayas. For construction of 88 m high concrete gravity dam at Karcham, which consists of 53 m deep foundation, jet-grouted cut-off curtain was made through upstream and downstream coffer dams to control the seepage into the dam pit. Articulated Volvo Dumpers were specifically procured for hauling out the excavated muck on the wet and steep haul roads from the dam pit. For construction of four 18 m wide 494 m long and 33 m high desilting chambers, the top arch was made by first excavating the central gullet which was widened from both sides, reinforced concrete lined and then the Chamber was excavated from top down with concurrent reinforced concrete lining provided on the walls. The 17 km long HRT has been excavated by conventional drill and blast method in heading (7.5 m) and benching (3.78 m) sequence. The Norwegian Method of Tunnelling (NMT) by using Barton's 'Q' system was adopted for rock classification and providing the rock support system. The tunnel encountered adverse geological features in 200 m length in extremely poor and flowing conditions wherein face advancement was done by following the 'DRESS' technique. The HRT also passed through very high temperature zone of upto 98°C in 350 m length wherein the heading excavation was done by multiple drift method and jetting of cold water in drill holes and surrounding areas to bring down the surface temperature below 80°C. At the Surge Shaft wherein due to poor geological conditions, the pilot shaft had to be partly sunk from top and the approach road to Surge Shaft top was yet to be available, a ropeway was erected for transportation of heavy equipment so as to start excavation from top. In machine hall cavern, the crane beam has been supported on the rock ledge. The Project adopted accelerated approach to execute the works well within the schedule.

7 illus, 1 table, ref

014442   Gopalakrishnan K (Electronics Dep, S.N.R. Sons College, Coimbatore-641 006, Email: gopikrishna2804@gmail.com) : Application of doped azopolyester in lead acid rechargeable batteries. J Innovative Res Solut 2012, 1A(1), 1-12.

The devices that generate electricity are called electrochemical power called battery They have broadest and most fundamental impact upon our military and civil life. A battery is composed of one or more electrodes, which act as transducers to convert internally stored chemical energy into externally useful electrical energy. Release of electrons during chemical reaction cause current conduction in batteries. The voltaic cell consists of a series of Zinc -Aluminum discs separated from each other by a porous non-metallic material and made electricity conductive by impregnation with salt water. The electrode of a lead acid battery is constructed by coating PANI doped Azopolyester with three different weight ratios of 10%, 30% and 50%. These electrodes are used in rechargeable batteries which give good recyclables, as compared with the normal batteries. Due to long durability, the polymer coated electrode batteries are used in satellite energy source.

10 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

014441   Gibbons T B (NO, Consultant in Materials Technology, United Kingdom, Email: Snobbig50@msn.com) : High temperature testing laboratory at NML, Jamshedpur, India. Sci Cult 2012, 78(11-12), 524-6.

This short article describes the original concepts behind the construction and equipping of this world-class facility with the aim of providing a test facility for the evaluation of the performance of steels for the Indian power engineering industry. The project was funded jointly by the Indian Government through CSIR and by UNIDO who financed the purchase of the equipments with advanced measuring systems. The early work to establish the laboratory and to begin a relevant programme of testing and development is briefly described.

014440   Ghalehnoee M H;Arousmahaleh F G (NO, Iranian Mining Engineering Organisation, Markazi Providence, No. 28, Baharam 15, Baharestan Town, Fatemieh Avenue, Arak-3818865635, Iran, Email: mhgeophysics@gmail.com) : Magnetotelluric soundings in the Sabalan geothermal area, Iran. Indian J Geosci 2012, 66(1), 39-48.

Magnetotelluric (MX) data was collected from a total of 212 sites over the entire Sabalan region located in the northwest of Iran. The MT data collected is interpreted for exploration of Sabalan geothermal reservoir. Determinant of impedance tensor is solved for decreasing the effect of three-dimensional structures. Three-dimensional view and iso-resistivity profiles are extracted using Larsen's 1-D inversion method. Wall rock alteration observed from the wells drilled in Mouil's valley corroborates the observed thermometry and the best vertical 1-D resistivity profile; resistivity-depth model is extracted as a key model. So, the other parts of Sabalan geothermal area are explored with reference to the key model. With this method, three significant regions surrounding the Sabalan caldera are selected for future work.

17 illus, 20 ref

014439   Farivar F;Nekoui M A;Shoorehdeli M A; Teshnehlab M (Mechatronics Engineering Dep, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad Univ, Tehran, Iran, Email: f.farivar@srbiau.ac.ir) : Modified projective synchronization of chaotic dissipative gyroscope systems via backstepping control. Indian J Phys 2012, 86(10), 901-6.

This paper proposes the modified projective synchronization for heavy symmetric dissipative gyroscope systems via backstepping control. Because of the nonlinear terms of the gyroscope system, the system exhibits complex and chaotic motions. Using the backstepping control technique, control laws are established which guarantees the hybrid projective synchronization including synchronization, anti-synchronization and projective synchronization. By Lyapunov stability theory, control laws are proposed to ensure the stability of the controlled closed-loop. Numerical simulations are presented to verify the proposed synchronization approach. This paper demonstrates that synchronization and anti-synchronization can coexist in dissipative gyroscope systems via nonlinear control.

7 illus, 30 ref

014438   El Khidir S O;Babikir I A A (Faculty of Petroleum & Minerals, Al Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan, Email: sami.elkhidir@gmail.com) : Digital image processing and geospatial analysis of landsat 7 ETM+ for mineral exploration, Abidiya area, North Sudan. Int J Geomatics Geosci 2013, 3(3), 645-58.

Digital data of Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+7) was used in mineral exploration investigations for the area around Abidiya area, North Sudan. The studied area consists of Precambrian crystalline basement rocks. The oldest geologic unit comprises basic and ultrabasic rocks associated with metacherts overlain by island arc-related metavolcanosedimentary sequences, these units have been overlain by supracrustal metasediments and intruded by magmatic granitic intrusions. Regional structures manifested by the Nakasib suture and Keraf shear zones. Several digital image processing "DIP" techniques applied on the multispectral bands (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 & 7) were demonstrated in the context of geological mapping and mineral exploration. Dual techniques of analyses have been carried-out to enhance and delineate the alteration zones related to gold mineralization. Mineralization zones can be identified by their spectral signatures of the alteration products iron oxides, hydroxyl-bearing minerals, carbonates and quartz-feldspars minerals. Alteration map have been produced based on the band ratio techniques produced from Sabin's band ratio color composite image (bands 5/7, 3/1 and 3/5 in the R G B, respectively). Another alteration map produced by using the Feature Oriented Principal Selection technique (FPCS), named as Crosta alteration color composite image. The Crosta image based on a selective principal component analysis for some bands. Both alteration images have been supervised classified and vectorized. Geospatial analysis of the vectorized layers proved to support the demarcation of the mineralization zones. These zones are aligned with the sheared and metamorphosed basic and ultrabasic and metacherts, and controlled by the shear fractures. The metasomatic replacements associated with the shear activities could be responsible for enhancing the mineralization in this area, which gave high signals in the alteration map.

8 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

014437   Ebrahimifar H;Zandrahimi M (NO, Islamic Azad Univ, Kerman, Iran, Email: hadi20ebrahimifar@yahoo.com) : Chromia scale thickness affect on electrical conductivity of SOFC interconnects. J Metall Mater Sci 2012, 54(4), 321-6.

Recent research, has concentrated on the application of protective/conductive coatings on the surface of used interconnects in solid oxide fuel cells. In this study AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel interconnect was coated in a manganese-base pack mixture by pack cementation. The effect of oxide scale thickness on the electrical conductivity was evaluated by applying isothermal oxidation. This effect was also investigated in different temperatures (400-700°C). Spinels forming (Mn₃O₄ and MnFe₂O₄) during annealing ameliorated oxidation resistance and electrical conductivity. Results showed that the increase of isothermal oxidation time and increase of temperature, increases the oxide thickness and it redounded to the higher lower values of electrical conductivity.

5 illus, 24 ref

014436   Dash B;Biswas H (NO, , ) : Wind power development in India and related grid connectivity. Wat Energy int 2011, 68(5), 31-5.

Wind Power is one of the clean substitute of fossil fuel based polluting power plants in India. Traditional wind turbines are equipped with induction generators. Unfortunately, induction generators require reactive power from the grid to operate. Sometimes weaker grids are not capable of supplying required reactive power and some capacitor compensation is often used. Variable speed wind turbines with synchronous generators directly coupled with the grids are also having some inherent demerits and are not grid friendly. This paper compare numerous types of generators of wind farms, namely, squirrel cage induction, wound rotor induction, synchronous with permanent magnet and synchronous with wired field and analyses grid integration aspects of these wind generators. Of the four generator types mentioned above, the first two types offer advantages to wind farm power plants. Comparing these two, synchronous generators with permanent magnet are found to be significantly superior to the squirrel cage induction generator.

1 table, 2 ref

014435   Das A;Chakraborty D;Mukherjee M;Datta P;Ray U C (Centre for Millimeter-wave Semiconductor Devices and Systems (CMSDS), Institute of Radio Physics and Electronics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal) : Chirp bandwidth estimation of pulsed IMPATT oscillator at 94 GHz window: a simplified approach. IETE J Res 2012, 58(4), 266-71.

Chirp bandwidth viz. intra-pulse oscillation frequency variation is an inherent property of IMPATT devices operating in pulsed mode to obtain high peak-power. In this paper, a simplified approach to compute chirp bandwidth, without the detailed knowledge of the embedded W-band circuit, is presented. The analysis has been based on a small-signal simulation model and transient thermal model of a typical silicon double-drift region structure at 94 GHz frequency band. The diode has been optimized for an optimum punch-through factor. It is observed that the diodes have a specific optimum temperature range of operation, to achieve a stable and high-output operation. The computed chirp bandwidth of the order of 1.8 GHz agrees reasonably well with the values reported in the literature. Variation of chirp bandwidth with frequency is also reported in this paper.

7 illus, 13 ref

014434   Choudhary D;Mittal K (NO, Yamuna Institute of Engg. & Technology, Gadholi, Email: deepaksliet@aol.com) : Metallurgical investigation of microstructure of the weld bead in submerged arc welding. J Metall Mater Sci 2012, 54(4), 311-20.

Microstructure is defined as the structure of a prepared surface of material as revealed by a microscope. The microstructure of a material strongly influence physical properties such as strength, toughness, ductility, hardness, corrosion resistance, high/ low temperature behavior, wear resistance, and so on, which in turn govern the application of these materials in industrial practice. The metallurgical and mechanical properties of weld metal depend upon its microstructure which is governed by the rate of heat input. The rate of heat input is further dependant on the welding parameters. Weld metal generally constitutes of grain boundary ferrite, polygonal ferrite and acicular ferrite. In order to have maximum toughness and good strength it is desirable to obtain maximum amount of acicular ferrite in the weld metal. In this paper investigations were carried out to study the microstructure of weld metal.

7 illus, 9 tables, 6 ref

014433   Chiu C C;Chen C H;Y S Fan (Electrical Engineering Dep, Tamkang University, Tamsui, Taiwan, China) : Image reconstruction of a buried conductor by modified particle swarm optimization. IETE J Res 2012, 58(4), 284-91.

In this paper, the shape reconstruction of a perfectly conducting cylinder buried in a half-space by measured transverse magnetic scattered field and the modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO). Assume that a conducting cylinder of unknown shape is buried in one half-space and scatters the field incident from another half-space where the scattered filed is measured. Based on the boundary condition and the measured scattered field, a set of nonlinear integral equations is derived and the imaging problem is reformulated into an optimization problem. The inverse problem is resolved by an optimization approach, and the global searching scheme PSO is then employed to search the parameter space. Two algorithms: the PSO and the MPSO have been examined. Both techniques have been tested in the case of simulated measurements contaminated by additive Gaussian noise. Numerical results demonstrate that even when the initial guess is far away from the exact one, the two algorithms can both obtain good reconstruction and the MPSO outperforms the PSO in convergence speed.

7 illus, 20 ref

014432   Chatterjee S;Chowdhury S K;Sarkar P P;Sarkar D C (ECE Dep, West Bengal University of Technology, RCC Institute of Information Tec, Beliaghata, West Bengal, Email: samiranengineer@gmail.com) : Compact microstrip patch antenna for microwave communication. Indian J pure appl Phys 2013, 51(11), 800-7.

A single layer, single feed compact rectangular microstrip antenna is proposed. Resonant frequency has been reduced drastically by cutting three unequal rectangular slots at the edge of the patch and also small rectangular slots connected with the middle of every patch. Antenna size has been reduced by 47.4% with an increased frequency ratio when compared to a conventional square microstrip patch antenna.

21 illus, 22 ref

014431   Bharj J;Singh S;Chander S;Singh R (Applied Physics, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar-144 011, Email: bharjj@nitj.ac.in) : Experimental study on compressive strength of cement-CNT composite paste. Indian J pure appl Phys 2014, 52(1), 35-8.

The role of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the compressive strength characteristics of hydrated Portland IS 1489 cement paste has been studied. Standard specimens (40 mm x 40 mm x 160 mm) as per IS: 516-2004 were prepared by mixing 0.1 CNTs by weight to cement for determining the compressive strength of composites. The specimens were tested after 7, 14, 28 and 35 days of curing. Results show an increase in compressive strengths in Cement-CNTs composites having CNT content of 0.1 by weight of cement. The increase in compressive strengths with both techniques; mixture of CNTs with cement in powder form and mixture of CNTs with cement in hydrated form were 8.5 and 22, respectively by holding the specimen for 28 days of curing. Increase in curing time by 7 days from 28 to 35 days did not bring any appreciable increase in compressive strength because of the complete absorption of all the ingredients into the mixture due to saturation.

5 illus, 17 ref

014430   Arora M (NO, Civil Engineering Univ, IIT, Roorkee) : Canal automation studies in CWPRS, Pune. Wat Energy int 2011, 68(6), 43-7.

Canal Automation represents a wide range of technologies ranging from simple mechanical devices to complete computerised control. It is being applied to different aspects of overall operation of a canal system, and to improve the transmission and delivery of water to the users.

1 illus, 1 table, 5 ref

014429   Anirudh Kumar (NO, , Masraf Bazar, Darbhanga-846 004, Email: akk_dbg@rediffmail.com) : Analysis of smart antenna for multipath fading. Bull pure appl Sci-Sect D 2011, 30(2), 205-11.

Deals with multipath fading in mobile systems which limit the transmission due to intersymbol interference. The orthogonal method under constraints has been applied, and the least-mean square algorithm for the implementation of the adaptive arrays has been realized. Numerical results show the applicability of the whole system.

014428   Anbazhagan R (NO, School of Mechanical Engineering, Bharath Univ, Chennai-73, Email: anbu.mit@gmail.com) : The emergence of hybrid vehicles (ending oil's stranglehold on transportation and the economy). J Innovative Res Solut 2012, 1A(1), 19-31.

The world is on the major transition to hybrid power vehicles, which use highly efficient electric motors to boost the fuel efficiency of vehicles powered by internal combustion engines. This is a game-changing technology that promises to increase energy efficiency substantially, make a broad range of fuels available for powering vehicles, and meaningfully reduce the demand for oil from the transportation sector. The Electric and Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle (EV/PHEV) for the first time identifies a detailed scenario for the evolution of these types of vehicles and their market penetration. It finds that the next decade is a key "make or break" period for EVs and PHEVs: Governments, the automobile industry, electric utilities and other stakeholders must work together to roll out vehicles and infrastructure in a coordinated fashion, and ensure that the rapidly growing consumer market is ready to purchase them. It provides additional focus and urgency to the international discussions about the importance of electric-drive vehicles as a technology solution. This covers the two main types of electrification for light-duty vehicles: pure battery-electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). Non plug-in hybrids and other efficiency improvements in current ICE vehicles will be covered separately.

5 illus, 4 ref

014427   Anand J S;Nandhakumar A J D (Computer Science Engineering Dep, Bharath Univ, Chennai-73, Email: sundeepssn@hotmail.com) : PC modeling and simulation of car suspension system. J Innovative Res Solut 2012, 1A(1), 13-18.

The car suspension system of this model contains two parts. The first part deals with the formulation of a mathematical model for a conventional full car passive suspension system. Typically, the mathematical modeling is done on the basis of mechanical network analysis. The second part deals with simulation of the mathematical model of the suspension system. Simulation is carried out using MATLAB. Program was carried out for MATLAB and the simulation results were obtained in the form of graphical plots.

2 illus, 5 ref

014426   Abhay Kumar;Lescale V F;Zehong L;Weimin M; Menzies D;Astrom U (NO, ABB, Sweeden) : 800 KV HVDC- from R&D to going commercial. Wat Energy int 2011, 68(5), 45-9.

This paper presents the current status of the 800 kV HVDC technology and presents how the experience and confidence gained at 800 kV long term test station has been successfully utilised in executing 800 kV HVDC long distance bulk power transmission project which is already in commercial use, well ahead of its scheduled date. As a final step in the R&D activity, a long term test circuit installation was made & energised at 855 kV DC in November 2006 at STRI, Sweden in order to provide final qualification for the newly developed 800 kV products and boosting confidence in 800 kV HVDC technology. Already in December 2009, Open Line Test was successfully made for at 800 kV for Xiangjiaba - Shanghai HVDC transmission line in China. In July 2010, one year ahead of schedule, the project became the first 800 kV 6400 MW HVDC bipole Project to be taken into commercial operation after completion of a rigorous and thorough system test program. At the same time another 800 kV 5000 MW HVDC Project has also been completed in China. At present, a number of other 800 kV HVDC projects are in the execution stage, and at the same time, several other 800 kV HVDC projects are under active planning by several utilities around the world, especially in China, India and Brazil.

7 illus, 7 ref