016585   Gowda B H L;Akhuli S;Anudeep B R;Ipe K R; Kishore K (Mechanical Engineering Dep, B T L Institute of Technology, Bommasandra, Hosur Road, Bangalore-560 099, Email: bhlgowda@yahoo.com) : Influence of base inclination on vortex formation during draining from cylindrical tanks. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2013, 20(5), 361-6.

When draining takes place from a cylindrical container, a vortex forms which can affect the rate of draining. This is because the vortex reduces the effective cross-sectional area of the drain port and thus decreasing the flow rate and increasing the time of draining. Experiments show that the presence of rotation augments the vortex formation which is basically due to the low pressure created at the bottom surface. The phenomenon can be expected to be influenced with changes near the base. In this paper the influence of base inclination on the vortex formation is systematically investigated. It is observed that the vortex is completely suppressed when the base inclination is above a limiting value which depends on the size of the drain port.

5 illus, 10 ref

016584   Eze K A;Nwadiogbu J O;Nwankwere E T (Chemical Engineering Dep, Caritas University, Amorji Nike, Enugu) : Effect of acid treatments on the physicochemical properties of kaolin clay. Archiv appl Sci Res 2012, 4(2), 791-4.

Improvement on the quality of kaolin has been conducted by treatment with different concentrations of hydrochloric acid. The raw and treated clays were analysed for SiO₂, Al₂O₃, TiO₂, K₂O, Fe₂O₃, and MgO using energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence. The physical change in colour from pink to white as the concentration increased to 2mol/dm³ was a removal of metallic compounds, like Fe₂O₃which stained the clay. The experiments showed that treatment of kaolinite in dilute hydrochloric acid clean the clay minerals by removing iron oxides and other metallic compounds from the surface of the clay.

9 ref

016583   Ersen Balcioglu H;Aktas M (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Usak University, Usak-64200, Turkey, Email: ersen.balcioglu@usak.edu.tr) : An investigation on lateral buckling of laminated composites with delamination. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2013, 20(5), 367-75.

Main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of delamination shapes and sizes on the lateral buckling behavior of the woven E-glass/epoxy laminated composite plates, experimentally and numerically. In order to perform experimental study, composite plates having eight laminates reinforced with woven E-glass fabric layers as [W]8 are produced by using hand lay-up technique. For the delamination,basically two different delamination shapes, square and circular, are used. To investigate the effect of the delamination shape on the lateral buckling behavior, these delamination shapes are diversified. Six different rectangular delamination shapes are obtained by the changing aspect ratio of the horizontal and vertical edges of square delamination and in the same way six different elliptical delamination shapes are created by the changing aspect ratio of the horizontal and vertical diameter of the circular delamination. These aspect ratios are 0.50, 0.67, 0.75, 1.33, 1.67 and 2.00. To better understanding the effect of delamination on the lateral buckling behavior, the experimental and numerical results of the specimens with and without delamination are compared. The experimental results have good agreement with numerical results and these results show that the delamination shapes and sizes affected the critical lateral buckling load.

1 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

016582   Eluozo S N;Nwofor T C;Nwaobakata C (Civil Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka) : Models development for the determination of plastic limits for improved construction and design of roads. Archiv appl Sci Res 2012, 4(2), 1043-52.

This paper explains the assessment of plastic limitof soil and model development that can be applied to examine the impact of plasticity of soils on the design and construction of roads in the study location. Samples collected from nine locations were subjected to laboratory analysis and the results from these location produced thefollowing model equations: y = -2.51x²+9.881x+14.95 and R²= 0.978, Y= -3.957x²+11.85x+14.34 and R² = 0.816, Y =2.967x2 -12.53x+30.76 and R²= 0.878, Y =8.816x3-37.12x²+35.90x+18.42 and R²=0.975, Y = 0.163x³-2.625x²+7.609x+18.84 and R²=0.971, Y = 0.713x3-5.095x²+8.506+16.42 and R²= 0.968, Y=6.647x²-34.45x²+51.74x+2.040 and R²= 0.97, Y= -3..098x²+13.11x +11.68 and R²=0.876 and Y =5.304x³-28.43x²+45.10x+3.030 and R²= 0.96. The model equations were developed from the results obtained and can be resolved to generate other theoretical values that can be applied in design and construction of roads.The generated model equations will produce a predictive model for plastic limit of soil in the study locations. Hence, this model will solve the problem from clay and lateritic earth materials for sub grade in road construction, considering the deltaic environment, the geologic history and predominance of some clays and lateritic soils depositing medium and high plastic limit in the study area.

21 ref

016581   Eluozo S N;Nwaobakata C;Nwofor T C (Civil Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka) : Preditive models for validation of plastic limits of soils in Portharcourt Metropolis, Rivers State, Nigeria. Archiv appl Sci Res 2012, 4(2), 1028-38.

This paper assesses developed models for prediction and evaluation of the effect of plastic limit for design of roads in the study area. The study was conducted to develop models that will be a specification or parameters in road design and construction in the study location. Samples from different locations were collected and were subjected to laboratory analysis. Nine samples out of numerous locations were analyzed and applied to develop predictive models equations, and the theoretical values generated from the model equations were compared with other measured values from the study location. The predictive models for the study location compared favorably well with the measured values. These values are between medium and high plasticity of soils. The predictive model can be applied as established parameter that can be integrated in the construction and design of roads. Hence sub base predictive models will be effective in maintaining the life span of the road if it is integrated in design. This paper is imperative because there exist a lot of variations in the plastic limit of soils in the study area.

14 ref

016580   Dhas J E R;Satheesh M (Automobile Engineering Dep, Noorul Islam Centre for Higher Education, Kumaracoil-629 180, Email: edwinrajadhas@rediffmail.com) : Sensitivity analysis of submerged arc welding parameters for low alloy steel weldment. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2013, 20(5), 425-34.

It is very tedious to characterize the bead geometry of welding process due to complex existence of parameters that affect weld quality. Researchers have attempted to predict weld bead characteristics including bead size and shape, using various experimental parameters such as welding speed, welding current, arc voltage etc. However, the results of these studies tend to be limited to a specific process parameter range and to certain materials. In this article, the effects of welding process parameters on welding current, arc voltage, welding speed and electrode extension on weld bead geometries and percentage of dilution of submerged arc welding (SAW) on A516 grade 70 carbon steel is presented. Taguchi method which is a systematic optimization method for design and analysis of experiments is introduced to acquire optimum weld conditions. Multiple curvilinear regression models are developed to analyze the effects and interaction of each weld process parameter on the weld bead geometries and dilution. Sensitivity analysis is performed to study detailed characteristics of the weld bead. Results also reveal that the bead reinforcement is almost non-sensitive to the variations in welding current and welding speed.

9 illus, 6 tables, 25 ref

016579   Dhanabalan S;Sivakumar K;Narayanan C S (Mechanical Engineering Dep, J J College of Engineering and Technology, Tiruchirapalli-620 009, Email: dhanabalan69@gmail.com) : Optimization of machining parameters of EDM while machining Inconel 718 for form tolerance and orientation tolerance. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2013, 20(5), 391-7.

This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of optimizing multiple characteristics of electrical discharge machining (EDM) of Inconel 718 using copper electrodes having different shapes via Taguchi method-based Grey analysis. The modified algorithm adopted here is used successfully for both detraining the optimum settings of machining parameters and for combining multiple quality characteristic into one numerical value called Grey relational grade or rank. The essential parameters like peak current, pulse on time and pulse off time are chosen to conduct the experiments on multiple characteristics namely material removal rate (MRR), electrode wear rate (EWR), form tolerance namely straightness and orientation tolerance like perpendicularity and angularity. Then, ANOVA is used to find out the parameter which significantly affects the other parameters. The experimental results have shown that the machining performance on multiple characteristics in the EDM process is improved effectively through this approach.

10 tables, 17 ref

016578   Chindaprasirt P;Sinsiri T;Napia C; Jaturapitakkul C (Sustainable Infrastructure Research and Development Center, Civil Engi, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen-40000, Thailand, Email: sinsiri@sut.ac.th) : Solidification of heavy metal sludge using cement, fly ash and silica fume. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2013, 20(5), 405-14.

Properties of solidified waste using ordinary Portland cement (OPC) containing silica fume (SF) and fly ash (FA) as a binder are reported. Silica fume and fly ash are used to partially replace ordinary Portland cement by 10% and 30% by weight, respectively. Plating sludge is used of 40, 50 and 60% by weight of the binder. A water to binder (w/b) ratio of 0.40 is used for all of the mixtures. The compressive strength of the solidified wastes is investigated. The leachability of heavy metals is determined by TCLP and XRD, and XRF is used to study the chemical properties, while the fractured surfaces are studied by SEM, and the pore size distribution is studied by MIP. The test results show that the setting time of the blended cement increased as the amount of plating sludge in the mix increased. In addition, the compressive strength of the blended cement increased with increasing curing duration time but at a decreasing rate. The compressive strengths at 28 days of the SF solidified waste mixes are 12.4, 2.7, 1.34 MPa and those of FA solidified waste mixes are 1.1, 1.0, 0.5 MPa at the plating sludge of 40, 50 and 60% by weight of the binder, respectively. The quality of the solidified waste containing SF and FA is better than that with OPC alone in terms of the effectiveness in reducing the leachability. The concentrations of heavy metals in the leachates are within the limits specified by the US EPA.

6 illus, 5 tables, 23 ref

016577   Chandrasekaran K;Marimuthu P;Raja K;Manimaran A (Mechanical Engineering Dep, University College of Engineering, Anna University, Ramanathapuram-623 502, Email: kchandrusekaran1984@gmail.com) : Machinability study on AISI410 with different layered inserts in CNC turning during dry conditions. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2013, 20(5), 398-404.

Martensitic stainless steels (AISI410) are widely used in engineering applications. AISI 410 has good mechanical properties because of high chromium content and high carbon content. A surface property such as surface roughness (SR) is critical to the function-ability of machined components. AISI410 are generally regarded as more difficult to machine material and results in poor surface finish. Optimized machining parameters are very important for controlling the required surface quality. In this paper, SR is analyzed produced by CNC turning on AISI410 with different cases of coated cutting tool under dry conditions. Multilayered coated with TiCN+Al2O3 of 14 μm insert is used for case-I, multilayered coated with Ti(C, N, B) of 6 μm insert is used for case-II and single layered coated with (Ti, Al) N of 3 μm insert is used for case-III. Experiments were carried out by using Taguchi's L27orthogonal array. The effect of machining parameters on SR is evaluated and optimum cutting conditions for minimizing the SR was determined. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for identifying the significant parameters affecting the response. The obtained results are validated by confirmation experiments.

6 illus, 9 tables, 25 ref

016576   Bhavsar D S (Research Laboratory, Electronics Dep, Pratap College, Amalner) : Transmittance and reflectance properties of Cu-doped and undoped lead iodide thin films deposited by vacuum evaporation Technique. Archiv appl Sci Res 2012, 4(2), 1106-9.

Cu-doped and undoped Lead Iodide crystals have been grown by gel technique. Then, thin films of Cu-doped and udoped Lead Iodide crystals have been deposited, of various thicknesses, successively by thermal evaporation technique. These thin films were characterized by XRD, Transmittance and Reflectance. The lattice parameters of thin films of Cu-doped and undoped, were well matching with the ASTM data for Lead Iodide. The absorption coefficient, band gap energy and dielectric constants were determined at room temperature by normal incidence method. The transmittance measurements enable the evaluation of the value of band gap energy Eg.

13 ref

016575   Babu G D;Sivaji Babu K;Gowd B U M (Mechanical Engineering Dep, V R Siddhartha Engineering College, Vijayawada-520 007, Email: gdillibabu@gmail.com) : Optimization of machining parameters in drilling hemp fiber reinforced composites to maximize the tensile strength using design experiments. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2013, 20(5), 385-90.

Natural fiber composites today are replacing synthetic fiber composites due to superior properties of natural fibers such as low density, high specific strength and modulus, relative nonabrasiveness, ease of fiber surface modification and wide availability. Drilling is often required to facilitate the assembly of the parts to get the final product. However, drilling composite materials present a number of problems such as delamination associated with the characteristics of the material and with the used cutting parameters. The present investigation is an attempt to study the factors and combination of factors that influence the delamination and the tensile strength of the drilled unidirectional hemp fiber reinforced composites using Taguchi and ANOVA analysis and to achieve the conditions for minimum delamination and for maximum tensile strength. The result shows that the feed rate and cutting speed are seen to make the largest contribution to the delamination and tensile strength. Confirmation experiments are conducted to verify the predicted optimal parameters with the experimental results.

6 illus, 5 tables, 11 ref

016574   Augustine I E;Ajayi J R;Ade B A;Edwin A A (Building Dep, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria, Email: austinedoka02@yahoo.com) : Assessment of risk management practices in Nigerian construction industry: toward establishing risk management index. Int J pure appl Sci Technol 2013, 16(2), 20-31.

Construction industry requires continuous evaluation and formulation of risk management index, but Nigeria is yet to introduce a risk rating tool for the industry. This paper therefore assessed risk management practice in Nigeria construction industry and establishes Risk Management Index (RMI). Structural questionnaire were administered to the industry stakeholders, Data collected were analysed and ranked using Relative Importance Index (RII) which was to establish the Risk management Index (RMI). Modelled (RMI) was put to validity test using collated data with the RMI result being 0.53 which is indicative that the Nigeria construction industry is exposed to 53.04% risk thereby resulting to high failure rate of construction projects. RMI opts to assist investors in the industry to making strategic decisions and to serve as a tool for financial and insurance institutions to carry out feasibility and viability studies on prospective project for risk investigation. The industry shareholders should therefore adopt a pragmatic approach to risk control on construction projects by implementing RIM in the industry.

2 illus, 9 tables, 28 ref

016573   Asroun N;Asroun A (Civil Engineering and Environment Laboratory, Djillali Liabes University, P.O. Box- 89, Sidi Bel-Abbes-22000, Algeria, Email: asroun.nasser@gmail.com) : Nanoindentation simulation of concrete with various indenter forms and yield strengths. Int J pure appl Sci Technol 2013, 16(2), 75-84.

In present work, the finite element method was used to simulate the whole process of nanoindentation test. Two kinds of indenters, spherical and conical, were used to simulate indentation test of concrete. The modeling procedures were introduced in detail. The agreement between the FE calculations and experimental results is satisfactory with appropriate geometry parameters and mechanical properties of specimen materials. The indenter tip shape and the yield strength of concrete have significant effect on the accuracy of simulation results.

5 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

016572   Al-Hamdani A H;Hasan S Y (NO, University of Technology, Laser & Optoelectonics Engineering Dep, Baghdad, Iraq, Email: ali_alhamdani2003@yahoo.com) : Zernike polynomiales for optical systems with rectangular and square apertures of area equal to π. Indian J pure appl Phys 2013, 51(12), 837-43.

The property of orthogonality of Zernike circle polynomials and their representation of balanced spherical aberrations made them in a widespread use for wavefront analysis. Derived closed form polynomials that are orthonormal over horizontal and vertical rectangular pupils of an area equal to π just the same as the area of Zernike circular pupil. Then the polynomials suitable for a square aperture with the same area are found, using the circular polynomials as the basis functions. The polynomials are given in cartesian and polar coordinates. The values of standard deviation for balanced and unbalanced primary aberration are also calculated for the concerned apertures and compared with that of circular aperture.

3 illus, 7 tables, 11 ref

015613   Varshney A K (NO, , ) : Leading by example rooftop power plant at MNRE. Energy Fuel Users J 2013, 62(1), 10-4.

015612   Tripathi A K (NO, , ) : Three decades of renewables. Energy Fuel Users J 2013, 62(1), 7-9.

1 illus, 3 tables, ref

015611   Thomas R;Kumar J;Swathi R S;Thomas K G (School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Thiruvananthapuram, CET Campus, Thiruvananthapuram-695 016, Email: swathi@iisertvm.ac.in) : Optical effects near metal nanostructures: towards surface-enhanced spectroscopy. Curr Sci 2012, 102(1), 85-96.

The trapping of light at the surfaces of nanomaterials gives rise to regions of enhanced electric fields around the nanostructures, leading to enormous optical cross-sections for molecules in the vicinity. The finite difference time domain method has been used to calculate the near-field as well as the far-field optical properties of spherical Au nanoparticles and Au nanorods as a function of their size. Au nanoparticles are found to give rise to about an order of magnitude enhancement in the electric field of the incident light. For Au nano-rods, authors finds three orders of magnitude enhancement under resonant conditions for the longitudinal polarization of the incident light. This aspect has been utilized for the preferential functionalization of oppositely charged Au nanoparticles onto the edges of Au nanorods. Plasmon resonances of Au nanorods couple when they are in proximity and the junctions between the nanorods are regions of enhanced electric fields.

8 illus, 2 tables, 39 ref

015610   Tanwar D;Ajayta;Saxena P K;Mathur Y P;Khatri K K (NO, , Regional Office, Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board, Balotra, Email: deepak_biofuels@rediffmail.com) : Performance of direct injection C.I. engine using J20-diesel blend. Indian J Air Pollut Control 2013, 13(1-2), 50-62.

The performance of jatropha oil blended with diesel in a direct injection single-cylinder diesel engine with varying injection pressure was analyzed. Diesel and jatropha oil were characterized for its physico-chemical properties. It was found that viscosity of blend up to 20% jatropha oil and 80% diesel was close to diesel and with in ASTM limits for diesel fuels. Hence, 20% jatropha blend with diesel was selected for further work. The performance and emission tests were conducted with diesel and with 20% jatropha-diesel blend (J20) at various fuel injection pressures in order to evaluate optimum injection pressure with diesel and J20 blend for specific test-engine, which was found to be 205 bar and 225 bar respectively. Comparison of performance and emission characteristics with diesel and J20 blend at respective optimum injection pressures was done. It was found that at optimum pressure, the performance of J20 blend was enhanced and it was observed similar as that of diesel.

5 illus, 3 tables, 17 ref

015609   Sukhatme S P (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powi, Mumbai-400 076, Email: spsiitb@yahoo.co.uk) : Addendum to 'meeting India's future needs of electricity through renewable energy sources'. Curr Sci 2012, 102(7), 959-60.

^ssc1 illus, 1 table, 3 ref

015608   Srinivasan C;Saraswathi R (Materials Science Dep, Madurai Kamaraj Univ, Madurai-625 021, Email: ceesri@yahoo.com) : Growing high-quality graphene from incredible solid materials. Curr Sci 2012, 102(1), 17-18.

3 illus, 13 ref

015607   Singh S;Yadav K K;Pramod Kumar (Electronics Science Dep, UDSC, New Delhi, Email: ershailendra1987@gmail.com) : Designing of a compact microstrip antenna resonating at 5.6 GHz by using size reduction technique. Invertis J Sci Technol 2014, 7(1), 58-61.

Compact microstrip antenna has been design and developed. This antenna incorporated with one rectangular DGS like etching structure on ground surface of the antenna to minimize the size. Unlike normal antenna DGS introduces discontinuities on the signal plane which in turn disturbs shielded current distribution in signal plane. Due to which apparent permittivity of the substrate varies as a function of frequency and play important role in the performance of the antenna. A size reduction of 56% at 5.66 GHz was observed. Also calculate all other parameters like apparent permittivity, phase velocity of wave. Here we implement proportional formula of defect in three steps to get compact size of antenna which has higher impedance bandwidth w.r.t conventional patch antenna approximately 45.82 MHz. For this work we care the overall performance like radiation pattern, efficiency, gain, directivity, polarization should not degraded by inserting slot. Diversity control of antenna is also achieved by introducing the DGS. Here we also observe that performance of antenna is a function of shape, size, and position of DGS which is inserted. Here we use the couple feed to energize the antenna. A high permittivity substrate is used below the connecting feed to reduce the radiation loss.

4 illus, 2 tables, 3 ref

015606   Rao K D;Gangadhar C (Research and Training Unit for Nvigational Electronics, Osmania Univ, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh) : Discrete wavelet transform and modified chaotic key-based algorithm for image encryption and its VLSI realization. IETE J Res 2012, 58(2), 114-20.

Chaos-based encryption may offer new quality in secure data transmission. A recently proposed Chaotic Key-Based Algorithm (CKBA) has been shown to be unavoidably susceptible to chosen/known plaintext attacks and ciphertext-only attacks. In this paper, Discrete wavelet transform and Modified Chaotic Key-Based Algorithm are proposed to enhance the security of CKBA. The enhanced security of the proposed algorithm is analyzed through cryptanalysis. Furthermore, Very large scale integration (VLSI) architecture of the proposed algorithm is designed. The VLSI architecture is implemented on an image using ModelSim to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

8 illus, 3 tables, 8 ref

015605   Ramana A V;Parayitam L;Pala M S (ECE Dep, Osmania Univ, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh) : Investigation of automatic speech recognition performance and mean opinion scores for different standard speech and audio codecs. IETE J Res 2012, 58(2), 121-9.

Usage of Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems is increasing day-by-day for voice centric applications in mobile handheld and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) devices. The necessity is also increasing to find out the ASR performance under different network impediments. Among them, speech and audio coding standards is the one, which affects the ASR performance greatly, when, using them with different sampling and bit rates in the practical systems. Another common impediment which influences the ASR accuracy is the bit errors in the wireless networks and packet drop conditions in the VoIP networks. ASR performance with some of the speech coding standards under noise conditions for the wireless networks is reported in the literature. However, each study is reporting the ASR performance for few narrowband codecs with different speech databases and different ASR tooIkits like RAPHEL, HTK, SPHINX, etc. In this paper, the analysis on ASR performance while using both narrowband and wideband speech and audio coding standards, which are currently accepted for GSM mobile and VoIP networks, using the common speech database-TIMIT, and using ASR toolkit-SPHINX, is presented. The Mean Opinion Score (MOS), which is the generally accepted speech quality measurement technique, is also analyzed for all the speech and audio coding standards, using the same speech database. The results of the studies carried out for the ASR word accuracies and MOS values for different narrowband and wideband speech and audio codecs under no-loss conditions are presented. Results for different rates of packet drop condition which is the common noise scenario in wired networks such as VoIP (which is also merging with wireless networks) are also presented. The observation is that though some of the codecs are showing poor MOS performance at lower bit rates, the corresponding ASR performance is comparable with other codecs at higher bit rates.

13 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

015604   Rajiv Krishnan (ABB Ltd., , Bangalore) : Latest trends and experiences iin protection & automation. Wat Energy int 2012, 69(4), 10-23.

015603   Parmeshwar N (NO, , ) : Emerging opportunity BOP potential in the solar thermal space. Energy Fuel Users J 2013, 62(2), 27-9.

015602   Parmeshwar N (NO, , ) : Tariffs stabilise Madhya Pradesh announces solar bid outcome. Energy Fuel Users J 2013, 62(2), 22-3.

015601   Park S;Cha B R;Kwon J W (NO, Institute Research of Information Science and Engineering Research, Mo, South Korea) : Personalized document summarization using pseudo relevance feedback and semantic feature. IETE J Res 2012, 58(2), 155-65.

This paper proposes a new automatic personalized document summarization using pseudo relevance feedback (PRF) and semantic features to extract meaningful sentences from retrieval documents in the Internet. The proposed method uses generic summarization based on the semantic features of non-negative matrix factorization to extract sentences that well reflect the major topics of the searched documents. In addition, this method reduces the semantic gap between the low level of summarizing search results and the high level of user's perception; the method uses query-based summarization depending on PRF and semantic features. The method improves the quality of personalized document summarization because the sentences most relevant to the given query are extracted efficiently by using a combination of generic and query-based summarization. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a better document summarization performance than do other methods.

7 illus, 8 tables, 21 ref

015600   Narayanan K G (NO, , 'Malhaar', 903, 2K Cross, 9th Main Road, Kalyan Nagar, I Block, Bangalore-560 043, Email: kgnarayanan2@gmail.com) : Potential of renewable energy in meeting future needs of electricity. Curr Sci 2012, 102(8), 1088-9.

5 ref

015599   Mitavachan H;Gokhale A;Reddy B R Nagarajum A V V;Krishnamurthy D C;Srinivasan J (NO, Divecha Centre for Climate Change, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, Email: jayes@caos.iisc.ernet.in) : Performance of a megawatt-scale grid-connected solar photovoltaic power plant in Kolar district in Karnataka. Curr Sci 2012, 102(6), 842-4.

A megawatt scale grid-connected photovoltaic power plant was commissioned on 27 December 2009 in Yalesandra in Kolar district in Karnataka. The Yalesandra plant is one among more than 20 such Megawatt size solar power plants in India during the past few years. The performance of this plant during its first year of operation has been discussed. The total electrical energy generated by the Yelasandra plant during 2010 was 3.34 million kWh. Although the performance of photovoltaic modules was good, there were problems associated with the inverters which led to reduction in energy generation. The impact of temperature variation of modules on their performance has been highlighted.

4 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

015598   Menon S M;Vahia M N;Rai K (NO, Manipal School of Architecture and Planning, Manipal Univ, Manipal-576 104, Email: srikumar.menon@gmail.com) : Stone alignment with solar and other sightlines in South India. Curr Sci 2012, 102(5), 683-4.

1 illus, 7 ref

015597   Manchanda V (Energy Science Dep, Sungkyunkwan Univ, Suwon-440 746, South Korea, Email: vkm25749@gmail.com) : Future of nuclear power in India. Curr Sci 2012, 102(5), 659.

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015596   Khwaja Hina Ahmad;Gupta S P;Vinod Kumar (Electrical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttaranchal) : Experimental investigations on outer race fault in ball bearings of electrical machines using statistical analysis. IETE J Res 2012, 58(2), 96-106.

Induction machines are employed as prime movers in several applications in the present day industries. The major Contributors of faults in an Induction machine are the bearings. The Incipient Bearing Failure defines the fault at an early stage and is a potential danger to the catastrophic failure of the electrical machine. One of the common faults found in bearings is the Outer Race Fault (ORF). The aim of this paper is to identify ORF in the induction machine at different load conditions. The vibration data is acquired and analysis is done by computing the statistical parameters, probability density function, and the cumulative distribution function. Finally, the chi-square test is used to validate the data and findings.

19 illus, 10 tables, 15 ref

015595   Kamruzzaman S M;Abdul Hamid M;Sarkar A M J (Electronics Engineering Dep, Hankuk Foreign Studies Univ, Yongin-si, Kyongii-do, 449-791, Korea) : ERANN: an algorithm to extract symbolic rules from trained artificial neural networks. IETE J Res 2012, 58(2), 138-54.

This paper presents an algorithm to extract symbolic rules from trained artificial neural networks (ANNs), called ERANN. In many applications, it is desirable to extract knowledge from ANNs for the users to gain a better understanding of how the networks solve the problems. Although ANN usually achieves high classification accuracy, the obtained results sometimes may be incomprehensible, because the knowledge embedded within them is distributed over the activation functions and the connection weights. This problem can be solved by extracting rules from trained ANNs. To do so, a rule extraction algorithm has been proposed in this paper to extract symbolic rules from trained ANNs. A standard three-layer feedforward ANN with four-phase training is the basis of the proposed algorithm. Extensive experimental studies on a set of benchmark classification problems, including breast cancer, iris, diabetes, wine, season, goffplaying, and lenses classification, demonstrates the applicability of the proposed method. Extracted rules are comparable with other methods in terms of number of rules, average number of conditions for a rule, and the rules accuracy. The proposed method achieved accuracy values 96.28%, 98.67%, 76.56%, 91.01%, 100%, 100%, and 100% for the above problems, respectively. It has been seen that these results are one of the best results comparing with results obtained from related previous studies.

12 illus, 16 tables, 59 ref

015594   Jose S T (NO, , ) : Engineering scenarios of inter bay and process bus communication using IEC 61850. Wat Energy int 2012, 69(4), 24-5.

IEC61850 serves good communication media between Station Level SCADA and Bay Level lEDs. Protocol is already in use across various Substation installations in India and Abroad. When people refer to IEC 61850, most of them refer to TCP/IP based IEC 61850 communication via MMS Protocol. Another area which need more focus is inter bay communication via GOOSE Protocol and Process bus communication via Sampled Value Protocol. GOOSE Communication Protocol is one of the efficient, cost effective and high speed event transfer mechanism between Intelligent Electronic Devices. These Ethernet packets virtually allows connections between lEDs providing good media for transferring interlock and trip signals with performance throughput of (up to) four milliseconds. Advantages of its interoperable behavior is not yet fully extracted in current - on going installations. Sampled Value Protocol for Process Bus communication is another area whose features are yet to be utilized in future Substation installations. One-to-many communication at required sampling rate will help in monitoring analog signals from multiple protection devices. Redundancy at Bay level to monitor and control process level devices will be very cost effective by using this technology.

2 illus

015593   Harsha J (Lower Ganga Div, Central Water Commision, Ministry of Water Resources, Government of In, No. 26/1, Shahid Surya Sen Road, Berhampore-742 101, Email: infoharsha@yahoo.com) : IWRM and IRBM concepts envisioned in Indian water policies. Curr Sci 2012, 102(7), 986-90.

Indian water policies have adopted the current water management paradigms like Integrated water Resources Management (IWRM) and Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) as early as 1987 and in 2002 mainly to cope with growing challenges of water sector as a result of economic growth burgeoning population and limited water resources. This article examines the ground realities that are acting as hurdles in successful implementation since IWRM and IRBM concepts were adopted about 25 years ago. This article also examines challenges very fundamental and pre-requisite at river basin level for successful implementation of the principles of IWRM or IRBM. The principles of IWRM are vast, however, a few of the water issues pertaining to IWRM or IRBM have been considered to highlight the existing realities in river basins.

2 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

015592   Harish B P;Bhat N (Electrical Engineering Dep, Visvesvaraya College of Engineering Univ, Bangalore Univ, Bangalore) : Performance and variability trade-off with gate-to-source/drain overlap length. IETE J Res 2012, 58(2), 130-7.

The impact of gate-to-source/drain overlap length on performance and variability of 65 nm CMOS is presented. The device and circuit variability is investigated as a function of three significant process parameters, namely gate length, gate oxide thickness, and halo dose. The comparison is made with three different values of gate-to-source/drain overlap length namely 5 nm, 0 nm, and -5 nm and at two different leakage currents of 10 nA and 100 nA. The Worst-Case-Analysis approach is used to study the inverter delay fluctuations at the process corners. The drive current of the device for device robustness and stage delay of an inverter for circuit robustness are taken as performance metrics. The design trade-off between performance and variability is demonstrated both at the device level and circuit level. It is shown that larger overlap length leads to better performance, while smaller overlap length results in better variability. Performance trades with variability as overlap length is varied. An optimal value of overlap length of 0 nm is recommended at 65 nm gate length, for a reasonable combination of performance and variability.

9 illus, 9 tables, 19 ref

015591   Gupta M;Jain M;Kumar B (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, Advanced Electronics Lab, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, Sector-3, Dwarka) : Wideband digital integrator and differentiator. IETE J Res 2012, 58(2), 166-70.

Novel designs of third-order recursive wideband digital integrator and differentiator are presented. The integrator is obtained by interpolating two digital integration techniques, the Schneider-Kaneshige-Groutage (SKG) rule and the Trapezoidal rule. The differentiator is obtained by inverting the transfer function of the designed integrator after necessary modifications. The proposed integrator and differentiator approximate their ideal counterparts with absolute magnitude errors less than 0.02 and 0.14, respectively, over the entire frequency spectrum. Their performance compares favorably with existing integrators and differentiators.

5 illus, 19 ref

015590   Dubey B;Gupta B;Pusricha J S;Pandey M (Master of Engineering, Jabalpur Engineering College, Jabalpur) : Energy audit and energy conservation potential for water treatment plant. Wat Energy int 2012, 69(4), 42-6.

This paper present energy audit process on water treatment plant in Lalpur, Jabalpur M.P, here more effective equipment use for water purification/water distributed to Jabalpur area. Water treatment plant has been highly energy and cost intensive. The water treatment plant requires 8760 h per year of the total operating hours to produce 35405 mid (million litter per day). To achieve effective and efficient energy management scheme, thermal energy audit analysis was employed on water treatment plant. The industrial sector is the largest users of energy around the world and its share in the overall consumption is 49%. Energy is one of the major inputs for the economic development of any country. In the case of the developing countries, the energy sector assumes a critical importance in view of the ever-increasing energy needs requiring huge investments to meet them.

3 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

015589   Dey A;Saha S C;Pandey K M (NO, NIT, Silchar, Assam, Email: aad.mec.abhi@gmail.com) : Mechanical properties change during friction stir spot welding of aluminium alloys. Curr Trends Technol Sci 2014, 3(1), 26-33.

The Friction Stir Welding process is now 20 years old and the interest in it and its potential continues to increase dramatically. FSW can be applied to a multitude of products with varying material types and thicknesses. However, a continuous weld is not always required to meet the product performance requirements. Thus, one can consider some form of intermittent weld, such as Friction Stir Spot Welding. Friction Stir Spot Welding (FSSW) can be considered for many of the applications presently performed with traditional resistance spot welding (RSW), the basic concept of FSSW is remarkably simple. A non-consumable rotating tool with a specially designed pin and shoulder is inserted into the abutting edges of sheets or plates to be joined the tool serves two primary functions: (a) heating of work-piece, and (b) movement of material around pin to produce the joint. The heating is accomplished by friction between the tool and the work-piece and plastic deformation of work piece. The localized heating softens the material around the pin and combination of tool rotation and axial load. As a result of this process a joint is produced in 'solid state'. From using this method to perform the Welding tests were performed using two welding parameters and the welds were sectioned and evaluated using optical microscopy. Mechanical testing of the spot joints was performed utilizing the tension-shear configuration. And also evaluate the hardness on the weld spot at the different zone nugget, TMAZ, HAZ and Base plate.

10 illus, 18 ref

015588   Desai P;Kant T (Civil Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400 076, Email: payaldesai79@gmail.com) : Accurate stresses in laminated piezoelectric finite length cylinders subjected to electro-thermo-mechanical loadings. Curr Sci 2012, 102(1), 50-60.

A mixed semi-analytical computational model is presented which accounts for the coupled electrical, mechanical and thermal response of layered piezoelectric finitely long hollow circular cylinders. Boundary value problem (BVP) of an axisymmetric cylinder is considered here as a two-dimensional plane strain problem in the (r, z) plane, which is based on the exact theory of elasticity. After assuming diaphragm-supported end conditions in the longitudinal (z) direction, the resulting mathematical model is cast in the form of first-order simultaneous ordinary differential equations which are integrated through an effective numerical integration technique by first transforming the BVP into a set of initial value problems. New results of finite length cylinders are generated and presented for future reference.

11 illus, 4 tables, 21 ref

015587   Das S R;Biswas S N;Biswas D;Petriu E M;Assaf M H (NO, School of Information Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Engineeri, Ottawa, ON K1N 5N5) : System-on-chips design using ISCAS benchmark circuits- an approach to fault injection and simulation based on verilog HDL. IETE J Res 2012, 58(2), 107-13.

The evolution of the embedded cores-based design paradigm in recent times has created numerous challenging problems for the test design community. To develop suitable test environment and appropriate test methodologies for digital cores-based system-on-chip (SOC) is a fascinating area of research today. This paper attempts to develop viable solution option to these problems based on cores constructed from the International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS) 85 combinational and ISCAS 89 sequential benchmark circuits. The wrapper that separates the core under test from other cores is assumed to be Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers P1500-compliant. The cores and test access mechanism (TAM) are described in the paper using Verilog hardware description language, while TAM is implemented as a plain signal transport medium, being shared by all the cores in the SOC. The fault injection is done by a simulator that also generates the tests for the core. The fault simulation process is carried out after successful compilation of the cores, the individual core selection being done by the program running in the background.

4 illus, 6 tables, 21 ref

015586   Chopra K N (Applied Physics Dep, Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology, GGSIP Univ, Rohini, New Delhi-110 086, Email: kchopra.2003@gmail.com) : Short technical note on thermal and radar signature management by optoelectronic techniques. Invertis J Sci Technol 2014, 7(1), 23-8.

The purpose of this short note is to describe the Thermal and Radar Signature Management by Optoelectronic techniques. Many related topics like - Sniper and Ghillie Suits, Radar Cross Section (RCS) Reduction Techniques, Dark World of Aircraft Countermeasure Technology, Aircraft Signature Reduction Techniques, 2D Nozzles, and Shaping of Wings have been briefly discussed. An idea about the commercially available devices of the Thermal and Radar Signature Management has also been provided.

2 illus, 12 ref

015585   Chokshi A H (Materials Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, Email: achokshi@materials.iisc.ernet.in) : Nuclear riddles: TINA and NIMBY. Curr Sci 2012, 102(8), 1096-8.

^ssc1 table, 14 ref

015584   Bapat R S;Ralegaonkar R V;Mhaisalkar V A (Civil Engineering Dep, V.N.I.T., Nagpur-10, Maharashtra) : Energy management in educational buildings using sustainable technology. Energy Fuel Users J 2013, 62(1), 1-4.

With the advent of energy crisis, exponential hikes in the cost of different forms of energy and increased carbon footprint, use of renewable sources of energy is manifesting its due importance. Educational buildings consume a lot of energy for lighting and air circulation. The demand for energy in such buildings can be met by solar photovoltaic system which can reduce supply needs of converting energy and electricity consumption. The present paper is addressed towards the evaluation of performance of solar photovoltaic system through calculations for life cycle cost, payback period and saving of electricity with recourse to a case study. The paper also highlights on reduction of carbon footprint using solar photovoltaic system.

7 illus, 1 table, ref

015583   Bajaj M;Lall B (Electrical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi) : Enhanced motion estimation using kalman filter. IETE J Res 2012, 58(2), 171-5.

This document proposes a new algorithm for Motion Estimation using the Kalman Filter. The algorithm predicts the motion vectors for the next frame by using the motion vectors of the current frame. The new algorithm is compared with the already existing search algorithms such as Exhaustive search, Three-Step Search, and Four-Step Search and show that the prediction using the Kalman Filter leads to reduction in the computational complexity.

5 illus, 1 table, 6 ref

015582   Apostolov A (NO, , ) : Impact of IEC 61850 on the engineering of protection schemes. Wat Energy int 2012, 69(4), 4-9.

3 illus

015581   Ahmed M F;Quine B M;Sargoytchev S;Stauffer A D (Earth & Space Science & Engineering Dep, York Univ, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada, Email: mdfarid@yorku.ca) : Review of one-way and two-way experiments to test the isotropy of the speed of light. Indian J Phys 2012, 86(9), 835-48.

As we approach the 125th anniversary of the Michelson-Morley experiment in 2012, we have reviewed experiments that test the isotropy of the speed of light. Previous measurements are categorized into one-way (single-trip) and two-way (round-trip averaged or over closed paths) approaches and the level of experimental verification that these experiments provide is discussed. The isotropy of the speed of light is one of the postulates of the special theory of relativity and, consequently, this phenomenon has been subject to considerable experimental scrutiny. Here, we have tabulated significant experiments performed since 1881 and attempt to indicate a direction for future investigation.

8 illus, 5 tables, 89 ref

015580   Affandi A;Husain M (Elect. & Comp. Rng. Dep, King Abdul Aziz Univ, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Email: adnanaffandi@yahoo.co.uk) : Temperature and bias effect on doppler signal detection using negative resistance diode. Invertis J Sci Technol 2014, 7(1), 1-7.

Theory is presented for the Doppler signal detection with a negative-resistance diode oscillator operating simultaneously as a signal source and Doppler signal detector. The theory is based on a realistic model of the oscillator, including an object passing in front of an antenna, and includes the previous treatments as the limiting cases. The effect of the bias circuit taking out the Doppler signal on the RF operation of the oscillator is taken into account self-consistently. The frequency down-conversion with a free-running oscillator is also investigated. Conversion gain is demonstrated by the experiment using a Cunn oscillator with a movable load.

7 illus, 6 ref

015579   Abbasi T;Premalatha M;Abbasi S A (Centre for Pollution Control and Environmental Engineering, Pondicherry Univ, Chinnakalapet, Puducherry-605 014, Email: prof.s.a.abbasi@gmail.com) : Masdar city: a zero carbon, zero waste myth. Curr Sci 2012, 102(1), 12.

^ssc6 ref

014476   Yasini S;Ali Karimpour;Sistan M B N (Electrical Engineering Dep, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran) : Knowledge-based closed-loop control of blood glucose concentration in diabetic patients and comparison with H∞ control technique. IETE J Res 2012, 58(4), 328-36.

In this paper, fuzzy-based closed-loop controller is applied to obtain a robust controller for blood glucose regulation in type I diabetes mellitus patients. The control technique incorporates expert knowledge about treatment of disease by using Mamdani-type fuzzy logic controller to robustly stabilize the blood glucose concentration in normoglycemic level. Controller performance is considered in terms of its ability to reject the multiple meals, on an averaged nonlinear patient model. Robustness of the controller is tested over a group of patients with model parameter varying considerably from the average model. The controller provides the possibility of more accurate control of blood glucose level in the patient in spite of uncertainty in model parameters and measurement noise. The proposed controller has showed superiority over other classical control techniques. A comparative study is presented with well-known conventional Hì control technique. Simulation results show the superiority of the proposed scheme in terms of reference tracking, disturbance rejection, and measurement noise in comparison with other approaches.

13 illus, 7 tables, 27 ref