002692   Raja R E;Padmavathy S;Rajendran A; Vijayabaskar M (Bishop Heber College, P G Research Department of Chemistry, Tiruchirapalli 620 017) : Ambient air quality around a sugar factory in Tiruchirapalli area. Indian J envir Prot 2002, 22(12), 1360-2.

Kothari sugars and Chemicals Limited. Kattur is a sugar industry located near tiruchirapalli and has an in plant ganeration which satisfies 80 of energy required to run the factory. The electricity is produced by burning bagasse which is waste material. White burning the bagasse in the furnace the flyashes come out along with the flue gases through the stacks. The effiuent gases emitted into the atmosphere casuse serious atmospheric pollution condition. The major pollutants in the flue gas are suspended particulate matter (SPM), SO₂ and NO₂ which have adverse effect on the ecosystem. The present work to evaluate the ambient air quality of the atmosphere around the factory during the month of January, when there is a peak production. The amount of these atmospheric pollutants was estimted quantitatively using a high volume air sampler lacated at selected around the factory. The extent of atmospheric pollution is traced to the effluent gases from the begasse burner by assuming the possible dispersion characteristics of the atmosphere in the month of January.

^ccr2 tables

002691   Raghava Reddy O V;Francis S D;Mahendrarajan V;Sapra O P;Dharma A D (Assembly, Integration and Testing Group, ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore-560 017) : Solar array simulators of INSAT-2E/3B. IETE Tech Rev 2003, 20(1), 33-45.

Considering that a spaceraft cannot be accessed after launch and it is subjected to harsh environmental conditions during launch such as shock, vibration, acoustics in addition of vacuum, large temperature variation during orbit; the design of various subsystems must take into account both the short and long term effects of this environment and ground testing must establish that the quality and reliability of the spacecraft is acceptable through out its long life mission. The integrated spacecraft testing must ensure that all various sybsystems and their respective interfaces are performing satisfactorily and working in unison as a single system during all phases of Assembly, Integration and Testing including environmental testing. The main source of power is Solar Panels and the size of these increase with increasing power requirements. Taking into account the size and fragility of the solar panels, normally they are integrated at the last. Therefore, during all ground tests, the major challenge faced is in feeding power to the spacecraft, yet under real conditions. Electronic Solar Array Simulator, an inexpensive, flexible and well protected custom made power supply offers the solution. This can simulate quickly and accurately the true V-I characteristics of solar panels under varying conditions. This paper describes the Solar Array Simulator, designed and developed at ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC) for new generation of communication satellites which were successfully used during all phases of testing for INSAT-2E and INSAT-3B spacecrafts and also are to be employed for all our future spacecrafts testing.

14 illus, 1 table, 3 ref

002690   Radhakrishnan V M (Indian Inst of Technol Madras, , Chennai-600 036) : Response of a cracked cantilever beam to free and forced vibrations. Def Sci J 2004, 54(1), 31-8.

Cracks present in machine parts affect their vibrational behaviour like the fundamental frequency and the resonance. In this paper, the resonance response of a cracked cantilever rectangular beam has been studied based on fracture mechanics quantities like strain energy release rate, stress intensity factor and compliance. The spring stiffness and the fundamental frequency decrease with increase in crack length. The amplitude of vibration increases and the occurrence of resonance gets shifted with increase in crack length.

^ssc10 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref

002689   Prasad S N;Pal S (Communication Systems Group, ISRO Satellite Centre, Airport Road, Bangalore-560 017) : Telemetry, tracking and command systems of spacecraft. IETE Tech Rev 2003, 20(6), 561-76.

The telemetry, Tracking and Command (TT&C) Systems of a spacecraft provides the most vital telecommunication link between a satellite and ground station. The TT&C systems provide the uplink for command, downlink for monitoring the various health parameters through telemetry and much needed tracking information for the satellite for monitoring its position in orbit. The link is provided using a ground station and onboard telecommand & tracking data receiving systems, onboard decoder and telemetry transmitter. The TT&C link of a satellite is of prime importance, right from the time of its launch to the end of the mission. the uplink an ddownlink frequencies could be in VHF/S/X/Ku or Ka bands depending on the mission requirements, system development status and facilities available. The development, testing and fabrication of these systems are quite involved, tricky and difficult. It requires a lot of experitise to develop them. A brief description and specifications mainly related to their developments in ISRO have been presented in this paper.

10 illus, 5 ref

002688   Prakash A J (Blasting Div, CMRI, Dhanbad-826 001) : Ground vibration characteristics affected by change in velocity of detonation of explosives in production blasting- a study in an Indian iron ore mine. Indian Min Engng J 2004, 43(8-9), 27-33.

This paper presents results of ground vibration measurements carried out in an Indian iron ore mine. Blasting experiments are conducted in same bench, monitored in the same ground but explosives of different velocity of detonation were used. Peak particle velocity, acceleration frequencies and displacement of transverse, vertical and longitudinal components are analyzed and compared. Blasting strata, delay timing and monitoring sites were kept constant. Thus effect of velocity of detonation on ground vibrations is studied in detail. Research work (modeling study) was conducted on this aspect by Farsangi et al (1999). A similar approach has been made on the production blasting experiments conducted by the author in an open pit iron ore mine and is presented in this paper. Data are analyzed in detail, which have been found to agree with the observations made by Farsangi et al.

7 illus, 5 tables, 8 ref

002687   Pradhan M;Dhekne P Y;Ashplya B M (Mining Engng Dep, Engng College, Raipur) : Application of controlled blasting for drifting. Indian Min Engng J 2004, 43(8-9), 22-6.

Conventional drilling and blasting method is widely used for drifting in the underground mines. The method is simple and provides satisfactory pull. However, it suffers from the disadvantage that lot of overbreaks/underbreaks is created. This affects the stability of the opening adversely. The management of these consumes lot of time and money. This ultimately reduces the rate of progress and increases the cost of drivage. Hence, to overcome. this disadvantage, the study was undertaken to assess the possibility of adopting smooth blasting and presplitting techniques of controlled blasting for drifting. The study carried out at the incline of a certain coalmine showed that, by adopting smooth blasting and presplitting techniques, the cycle time, amount of drilling and the detonator consumption increased (by negligible amount for smooth blasting) but the pull improved. Explosive consumption per meter advance of the drift in fact reduced for smooth blasting and for presplitting it remained almost constant. The most important fact was that there was nearly 72% reduction in the overbreaks in the roof and 84% reduction in the sides. The reduction in the overbreaks can reduce the cost of the ventilation by nearly 44%. The smooth blasting provides an added advantage over presplitting technique in terms of explosive consumption, detonator consumption and progress rate. The study thus showed that smooth blasting is suitable for drifting.

6 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref

002686   Pradeep Kumar G N;Ish M;Thiruvengadam M (Assoc, Prof in Civil Engg, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati-517502 A P) : A further study on forchheimer coefficients as applied in seepage flow. ISH J Hydraul Engng 2004, 10(2), 1-13.

While Darcy's equation is applied for laminar seepage flow problems, quadratic form of Forcheimer's equation is widely used in non-linear flow conditions. Many equations relating the coefficients of forchheimer equation with characteristics of prorous and fluid media have been proposed. This paper presents results of experiments carried out in a parallel flow permeameter with 2.7, 3.7, 5.3 and 8.0 mm size porous media. Appliecability of forchheimer's equation for a wide range of velocity of flow is studied and the drawbacks have been brought out. Reliability of application of earlier equations relating Darcy parameter and non-Darcy parameter of Forchheimer's equation with size of the media without specifying the limitations applicability is investigated and found that these equations have limited applicability.

8 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

002685   Piccardo P;Ienco M G;Balasubramaniam R; Dillmann P (Materials and Metallurgical Engng Dep, Indian Inst of Technol, Kanpur-208 016) : Detecting non-uniform phosphorus distribution in ancient Indian iron by colour metallography. Curr Sci 2004, 87(5), 650-3.

The use of Klemm etchant for revealing the non-homogeneous distribution of phosphorus in ancient archaeological iron by colour metallography has been demonstrated. The `ghost' structures produced by this etchant have also been addressed.

4 illus, 22 ref

002684   Paul P S;Dey N C;Banik A K (Mining & Geology Dep, B E College, D.U.) : Postural Problems and workload analysis of loaders, shovellers and trammers in underground coal mines. Indian Min Engng J 2003, 42(11-12), 27-31.

Ergonomics is the study of the relationship among man and equipment with which he works and the environment in which this man-machine system operates. Ergonomics, the science and technology of `man-at-work', is also refered as human factors. It is the systematic relevant information of human characteristics so as to design equipment, task, procedure and environments. Correct work postures and workload related to different underground mining operations are of utmost importance. Correct evaluation of work postures and appropriate workload of miners related to different underground coal mining operations may give substantial positive thrust towards the overall improvement of the mining industry.

6 illus, 2 tables, 6 ref

002683   Patil M S;Hada M K;Bhave S Y;Joshi S G (Inst of Armament Technol, , Pune-411 025) : Vibration isolation and transmissibility characteristics of passive sequential damper. Def Sci J 2004, 54(1), 39-50.

This paper presents a half-car model (4-degrees-of-freedom) employing nonlinear passive sequential damper. The vibration isolation and transmissibility effect of the vehicle's centre of gravity (C.G.) has been studied. The results have been compared for transmissibility, displacement, and velocity transient response for half-car model having nonlinear passive sequential hydropneumatic damper under different terrain excitation.

16 illus, 1 table, 6 ref

002682   Patel R;Parekh K;Upadhyay R V;Mehta R V (Centre for Magnetic Fluid Res, Phys Dep, Bhavnagar Univ, Bhavnagar-364 002) : Rheology of transformer oil based ferrofluids. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2004, 11(4), 301-4.

In the present study results of rheological properties of temperature sensitive transformer oil based ferrofluids as a function of external magnetic field and temperature were reported. The field induced viscosity is analyzed using Shliomis model. The variation of magnetic moment and domain magnetization with temperature has been deduced from this measurement which agrees with the reported values deduced from magnetization technique.

4 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

002681   Patel K L;Sandhu M S (R & D Centre, IBP Co Ltd, Kolkata) : Emerging explosive technologies for increased safety reliability and performance. Indian Min Engng J 2003, 42(3), 24-9.

5 tables

002680   Mythili V S;Prakasan K (PSG Coll of Technol, , Coimbatore-641 004) : Dynamic model for flow and droplet deposition in direct ceramic ink-jet printing. Def Sci J 2004, 54(1), 85-93.

A rapid fabrication technique, for building microceramic parts, using a drop-on demand ceramic ink-jet printer is currently under development. This finds application in producing ceramic cores for gas turbines, space applications, and ceramic hybrid electromechanical systems. Another application is in the use of intelligent inks, in which particles assemble themselves so as to interrupt the signals in a particular direction and to produce a suitable output for tactical applications. an attempt has been made to develop a methematical model for droplet formation from orifice and its deposition on substrate. The distribution of energy supplied to the piezoelectric actuator in the ink-jet print head is modelled and ejected droplet parameters (diameter and velocity) were related to the force imparted by the piezodise. This model was extended to develop a relation for maximum droplet spread that occurs during impact. Droplet spread determines the lateral resolution of the system and the thickness of each deposited layer.

3 illus, 16 ref

002679   Murugavel B (Chennai Petroleum Corporation Ltd, , Chennai) : Need for energy accounting as the foundation for energy management. Process Pl Engng 2003, 21(1), 30-2.

002678   Murty C V R (Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, , Kanpur) : Learning earthquake design and construction: Earthquake tip-18- how do columns in RC building resist earthquakes. J Struct Engng 2004, 31(2), 159-60.

4 illus, 2 ref

002677   Murty C V R (Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, , Kanpur) : Learning earthquake design and construction: Earthquake tip-18- how do beams in RC buildings resist earthquakes ?. J Struct Engng 2004, 31(2), 157-8.

6 illus, 3 ref

002676   Murty C V R (Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, , Kanpur) : Learning earthquake design and construction: Earthquake tip-17- how do earthquakes affect reinforced concrete buildings. J Struct Engng 2004, 31(2), 155-6.

5 illus, 2 ref

002675   Mujumdar P P;Vedula S (Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engg, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012) : Reservoir operation modeling for irrigation with stochastic inflow and rainfall. ISH J Hydraul Engng 2004, 10(2), 23-35.

In this paper, an integrated model is presented that enhances the features of the earlier models to simultaneously address stochastic variations in reservoir inflow and command area rainfall in arriving at reservoir release decisions. The stochastic variation of inflows is addressed through the inflow transition probabilities, and the rainfall variation is included through unconditional probabilities. The model application is demonstrated with the case study of an irrigation reservoir in Karnataka.

2 illus, 3 tables, 8 ref

002674   Mohindru V K;Jena B K;Siddiqui N A;Singh K; Kulkarni A G (Central Pulp and Paper Research Institute, , Saharanpur 247 001) : Comparison of 5 - year micro meteorological data over a paper industry and its role in environmental quality representation. Indian J envir Prot 2002, 22(12), 1395-1400.

Micrometeorological parameters form one of the very important data which have to be collected and analyzed for its effect on pollutants being emitted by the industrial activity. However, little is known in the paper industry regarding interpretation of such data from the point of view of environmental impact assessment. Atempts to put forward a comparison of meteorological data collected at site of a large paper mill. The data was collected over a period of 5 year for the worst months of winter (November to February 1996-2000). The data is presented in the form of windrose diagrams and charts to bring out the salient variation of meteorological conditions over the test area and its implication in interpreting the enzironmental impact of various pollutants being generated from the mill. The study is presented in a manner so as to give the executive of the industry an insight in to the important of Micro Meteorological studies conducted at site.

^ccr4 illus, 3 ref

002673   Mohan S;Dutta N;Batra V S (Thaper Institute of Engineering and Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, Patiala 147 001) : Prediction of road traffic noise for urban road stretches of Delhi under free condition of traffic. Indian J envir Prot 2002, 22(12), 1367-74.

Rapid increase in urbanization and advent of new technological changes day by has given rise to road traffic noise as a major pollutant to our society. Indian traffic system is extremely heterogeneous in nature and due to different acoustic emission charactaristics of feat and slow moving automobiles plying on the road, the noise ganerated and propagated is completely different from other devloped countries in the present paper, mathematical modal is evolved for prediction of road traffic noise or indian conditions, based on the concept of CORTN model. Noise, speed and traffic volume surveys were conducted under free flow condition of traffic for more than 10 sites. Noise level zero percent heavy vehicles, zero gradient and average speed as 30 km/hr are taken as basic noise level. Correction factors are aestimated for percentage increase in heavy vehicles., road surface, distance of noise measurement from the road and barrier at the roadside. Basic noise level added to the correction factors for different sites give rise to predicted noise level. It is found that the error in the predicted data in in 5% coherence with the observed noise level (L₁₀). Thus prediction model developed for Indian conditions will help highway engineers to look into the future in a more quantitative manner and also to suggest the abatement measures for road traffic noise.

^ccr4 tables, 4 ref

002672   Mohan Rao, U V K (International Specialist - Energy & Resource Management, chennai, , ) : Total energy management (TEM) as relevant to a manufacturing process plant. Process Pl Engng 2003, 21(1), 39-46.

Effective March 2002, with the operation of Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) at the National level and the enactment of the National Energy Conservation Law, Energy Efficiency in India is launched with a renewed vigor. Industrial sector accounts for nearly half the total commercial energy consumed in India. In contrast to the low levels of specific energy consumption in the global scenario, Indian industries are plagued by high levels due to a plethora of reasons. Mainly, due to lack of "management perspective" and initiative for evolving & executing a well planned `Energy Strategy', both at the overall industry level as well as individual unit level. Continued inefficient energy consumption would mean loss of thousands of crores of rupees annually. Focus is therefore most urgently needed to implement conservation and modernisation measures at a more rapid pace than hitherto adopted. Special efforts are therefore required at the individual unit level.

2 tables

002671   Mittal N;Kulshrashtha A;Ashok Abraham;Kumar A;Sharma V (St. John's College, Department of Chemistry, Agra 282 002) : Effects of noise pollution on human adaptability in Agra city. Indian J envir Prot 2002, 22(12), 1379-82.

Noise pollution has posed a great threat to the quality of human life. It has increased rapidly specially in urban areas. People have expected the noise, physiological and psychological deterioration as an inevitable part of their lives. Therefore, investigation has been aimed at finding out location wise variations of noise, measurement of sound pressure levels, collection of information on the noise response of population of Agra through a detailed questionnaire. An attempt has also been made to investigate physiological disturbances, distrotions in interpersonal attractions, lack of concentration, deactivation, sleep disturbances, unpleasantness, exploitative behaviour, neuroticism and mental health among the persons living in different industrial areas, having different levels of noise pollution of Agra city.

^lla4 illus, 4 tables, 4 ref

002670   Mehta S B;Chaudhury S;Bhattacharyya a;Mathew L (Inst of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sci, , Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi-110 054) : Soft computing techniques for medical image analysis. IETE Tech Rev 2003, 20(1), 47-56.

The use of soft computing techniques for medical image analysis is reviewed in this paper. These techniques involve application of fuzzy logic, neural network and evolutionary algorithms. Different imaging modalities and motivation for using soft computing techniques Has been introduced for medical image analysis. Reviewed different soft computing based approaches for image processing and segmentation, which can improve the diagnostic value of the images. We also present Some results with MRI images are also presented. Architectural framework have been suggested for soft computing based application development.

8 illus, 47 ref

002669   Mamurekli D (CBU, SMYO, , Soma, Manisa, Turkey) : A computer model for front-end loader and rear-dump truck system. J Mines Metals Fuels 2003, 51(11-12), 336-43.

In this study, a computer model has been developed for frontend loader (FEL) and rear-dump truck (RDT) system in advanced basic language using an analytic modelling technique. The model determines the number and hourly capacity of front-end loaders according to their bucket capacities, the matched capacity and the number of hauling units and the fleet size required to meet the given production. In addition, the model also provides the using of FEL as hauling equipment in short distances and for elevated sites. Model requires three types of input parameters namely; factors related to production, material characteristics and specifications of both FEL and RDT. For these parameters, adequate help screens in form of tables are presented. As a consequence, a rough analysis can be conducted by selecting the values from the tables with requirement to any prior testing or measurement.

8 illus, 7 ref

002668   Mali D S (Post Graduate Department of Environment Management, Chh. Shahu Central Institute of Business Education and Research Univer, Kolhapur 416 004) : Study of spent wash composting process for distillery waste management. Envir Ecol 2003, 21(3), 692-5.

Distillery waste poses a threat to the environment. It is characterized by its dark color, high COD, BOD and low pH. For the treatment spent ash composting is the best treatments method practiced at present. A study was conducted to have comparative study of aerobic and anaerobic composting of the spent wash. Bagasse and press mud was used as a filler material. The leacheat water was prepared in the proportion of 1:5 for analysis of compost. The environmental parameters which affect the composting were monitored, such a pH, moisture content, C/N ratio. No difference was observed in the spent-wash absorption for aerobic and anaerobic composting.

2 tables, 8 ref

002667   Majumder A K (Reg Res Lab, , Bhopal-462 026) : Prediction of fine coal particles terminal settling velocities in aqueous media. Indian Min Engng J 2003, 42(7), 29-31.

A fairly accurate method of predicting fine coal particles free terminal setting velocities has been described by using appropriate mathematical models avalilable in literature. The basis of selecting these mathematical models has also been discussed. A discussion on the predicted velocities has also been given.

2 illus, 9 ref

002666   Mahesha A;Satish M G (Applied Mechanics & Hydraulics Dep, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal- 575 025) : Effect of hydraulic conductivity on seawater- fresh water interface motion in coastal aquifers. ISH J Hydraul Engng 2004, 10(2), 36-48.

The motion of seawater-freshwater interface was studied for the linearly varying hydraulic conductivity in coastal confined aquifers. The problem uner cosideration included a series of freshwater injection wells located at a certain distance parellel to the coast. The hydraulic conductivity was assumed to be decreasing linearly from the coast towards inland. The motion of the interface was monitored for different gradients of the hydraulic conductivity and compared with the homogeneous case. The results indicated up to 12% lag in the repulsion of the interface depending on the injection rate as compared to the homogeneous case. Log-normal distribution was also considered for the hydraulic conductivity and a specifie example is presented for illustrative purposes.

7 illus, 17 ref

002665   Mahalik N P;Lee S K (Mechatronics Dep, Kwangju Inst of Sci and Technol, 1, Oryong-dong, Puk-gu, Kwangju-500 712, Korea) : LNS; LON's management layer. IETE Tech Rev 2003, 20(6), 517-31.

This paper describes and explains the use of LNS (LonWorks Network Service) Object Server for the design and management of control networks for Distributed Control applications. LNS, a network kernel for control network, providing a hierarchy of objects, can be used for the design of application tools for managing LON-based (Local Operating Network) core application hardware and firmware (processors, system image for example) for LON technology are being manufactured by many companies including Motorola and Toshiba. This paper reviews aspects of DCS, describes the underlying architecture of the LNS, designs a management software using LNS and provides new and useful information to the advanced practitioners and researchers working in this field.

7 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

002664   Leeming J J (Mining System, Joy Mining Machinery Co, UK, , ) : Introduction of continuous miner technology into Indian coal mines. J Mines Metals Fuels 2003, 51(11-12), 327-35.

The first fully mechanised room and pillar system in India, using continuous miner technology, started opertations in May 2002 at Chirimiri Anjun Hill Mine, South Eastern Coalfields Limited (SECL). The complete system, supplied by Joy Mining Machinery Ltd. included a 12CM15 continuous miner, two shuttle cars, a feeder breaker, a mobile roofbolting machine and electrical distribution system. Since start up, the system has averaged over 40, 000 tonnes per month on the development of a five entry room and pillar system and has now achieved over 50,000 tonnes in a month on pillar romoval (de-pillaring). To data the de-pillaring operations have been very successful providing the only approved method of mechanised de-pillaring in India. Details the project including equipment supplied, mining conditions, design of the de-pillaring system and the results to date. A second system is now under installation and Tandsi Coal mine in Western Coalfields. This mine has poor conditions with a history of uncontrolled roof falls. Mining had been restricted and suspended by the DGMS in several parts of the mine. Following the introduction of a systematic `stiff' roof support system based on full column, resin roofbolt technology and using a design by measurement approach, the roof conditions have been stabilised allowing the introduction of modern continuous miner technology. The design of this system and success of roof control at a mine that was nearly abandoned due to roof failure is discussed in detail. India has large resources of coal mines with ideal conditions for mechanised continuous miner extraction. To date no technology has been introduced for extraction of the substantial reserves of coal tied up in pillars.

12 illus

002663   Kumar V;Nautiyal B D;Choudhary R K (Deprament of Civil Engineering, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005) : Yield line analysis of two way reinforced concrete slabs with corner opening-part I : derivations. J Struct Engng 2004, 31(2), 125-37.

Reinforced concrete rectangular slabs for differnt boundary with corner opening have been analysed by yield line theory. The rations of the corresponding lengths of the sides of the opening and the slab are kept the same and the size of opening upto half of the length of the slab sides are considered. The ratio of the span moments to support moments is kept equal to 0.75. The design tables and examples to explain the use of the tables for analysis of slab will be presented in Part II.

13 illus, 13 ref

002662   Kumar M;Ghosh P K;Singh A k;Banerjee G (Longwall Group, Central Mining Res Inst, Dhanbad) : Routine condition monitoring of equipment deployed at coal mines in India - case study. J Mines Metals Fuels 2004, 52(5-6), 84-9.

^ccr5 illus, 5 ref

002661   Kumar K (Department of Information Technology, , New Delhi) : Electronic industry in China: A perspevtive. Elect Inf Plann 2003, 30(12), 331-41.

9 illus, 4 tables

002660   Kumar A;Agrawal R K;Rai P (Mining Engng Dep, BHU, Varanasi-221 005) : Surface mine closure planning. Indian Min Engng J 2004, 43(8-9), 16-9.

The legacy of abandoned mines and their associated environmental problems has led to an increased emphasis on mine closure planning in recent years. Closing operation involves numerous issues such as, reclamation and environmental protection, community issues socio-economic consideration, planning for alternate use of available facilities, cost estimation and asset disposal etc. The Chief goal of closure planning is to return the mine site in an ecological sustainable and suitable state for future land uses. Highlights the general concept related to development of mine closure plans keeping the Indian mining scenario in mind, it is now felt that there is an urgent need for the mining industry as well as appropriate governmental bodies to come forward to frame and adapt suitable policy to encourage as well as enforce the mining companies to implement the concept of suitable mine closure planning.

3 illus

002659   Kulkarni V P (Gem Tech Solution, , O-17, Jawahar Nagar, Trivandrum-695 003) : Four generations of mobile communication technology. IETE Tech Rev 2003, 20(1), 9-12.

5 ref

002658   Khanduri G M;Panwar B S (Centre for Applied Res in Electronics, Indian Inst of Technol, Delhi-110 016) : Analysis of quasi-saturation phenomena for SiGe double heterojunction bipolar transistors. J Indian Inst Sci 2004, 84(1-2), 41-6.

A high-voltage current-switching NPN SiGe double heterojunction bipolar transistors (DHBT) has been analyzed and simulated using two-dimensional device simulator MEDICI. The analysis includes conductivity modulation, quasi-saturation phenomenon and effect of valence band offset for holes in a high-voltage SiGe DHBT and is compared with a conventional Si bipolar junction transistor (Si BJT). the valence band offset for holes is responsible for the presence of a retarding potential barrier at collector-base junction for electrons in SiGE DHBT. The retarding potential barrier formation along with reduced conductivity modulation in SiGe DHBT leads to a fall in its short-circuit current gain h_FE in comparison with Si BJT. As a consequence, the quasisaturation current density limit J_cqs of SiGe DHBT degrades and leads to high-power dissipation, setting a severe limitation on its performance at high collector current density.

^ssc3 illus, 10 ref

002657   Khandelwal P K (Prithvii Development Center, Pune, , ) : Energy conservation for distillation system. Process Pl Engng 2003, 21(1), 27-9.

Distillation, one of the most widely used unit operation in chemical process industries, is major consumer of energy either in the form of heat or electricity. Thus, reduced consumption of energy in the distillation opertions is the focussed area of most of the industrialists today.

4 tables,

002656   Kemao Z (Special Vehicle Engng Inst, , Beijing-100 072) : Transient performance of Electrical system in a military vehicle. Def Sci J 2004, 54(1), 95-105.

Electrical system in a military vehicle is a low voltage (28 V dc) system which is an unsymmetrical and nonlinear system made up on silicon-rectifying generator and a battery in parallel. State variable and coordinate transformation have been adopted to express the functional modes and its transfer law of the silicon-rectifying generator; the battery is expressed as a simplified equivalent circuit according to its characteristics during transient process: Consequently, the gneral mathematical model of electrical system in a military vehicle is presented. Examples of electrical systems in some military vehicle have been taken to carry out the calculation of transient performance and the findings have been compared with the test results of an actual vehicle to show that the numerical method designed works.

11 illus, 4 tables, 6 ref

002655   Kathuria Y P (Department of Robotics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu-shi, Shiga-ken 525-8577, Japan) : LIGAr, liga and lithography in microstructuring<. J Indian Inst Sci 2004, 84(3-4), 77-87.

Established techniques of laser, LIGA and lithography processes have made the fabrication of three-dimensional structures in micron and submicron order feasible, Presently, most of these technologies employ top-down approach, whereas the futuristic nanotechnology will use the bottom-up approach. These technologies have demonstrated the performance and reliability with high resolution. Combination of these technologies will further enhance the device functionality and increase the device. This highlights some of these features and demonstrates with a few applications.

9 illus, 23 ref

002654   Jayaraman T (Seco Controls Pvt Ltd, , Chennai) : Need for energy accounting as the foundation for energy management. Process Pl Engng 2003, 21(1), 24-6.

002653   Jain S K;Agarwal P;Gupta H O (Electrical Engng Dep, Maulana Azad Natnl Inst of Technol, Bhopal-462 007) : Simulation and experimental investigations on a shunt active power filter for harmonics and reactive power compensation. IETE Tech Rev 2003, 20(6), 481-92.

Presents a 3-phase shunt active power filter, which is capable to compensate the harmonics and reactive power required by non-linear loads. A shunt active power filter system has been simulated and its performance is investigated under steady state and transient conditions. A laboratory model has been developed to verify the simulation results. The control scheme has been realized on a dedicated micro-controller (INTEL-8031) based system. The compensation process is simple, which operates without sensing the harmonics or reactive volt-ampere requirement of the load. PWM pattern generation is based on carrierless hysteresis based current control to obtain the switching signals of the PWM converter.

16 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

002652   Husain A;Sehgal D K;Pandey R K (Research Scholar, Associate Professor, Department of Applied Mechanics, IIT, Delhi Hauz Khas, Delhi 100 016) : Review of small punch test technique for evaluating mechanical behaviour of materials and in-service components using miniature specimen. J Struct Engng 2004, 31(2), 91-100.

This paper is devoted to a literature review of small (miniature) specimen test techniques, specimen test techniques, as employed on irradiated materials or otherwise for the determination of mechanical behaviour or different mechanical properties of in-service engineering components. The important development in techniques for analysis of mechanical behaviour of metallic alloys during degadation due to temperature, irradiation effect and other environmental effects on in-service structures are presented. Miniaturized specimen test technique provide a way obtaining mechanical properties of materials or components, while requiring an amount of material that is very small relative to that required for standard conventional test specimens. From this review, it is apparent that the small punch test shows strong potential and is the only method existing at present capable of providing experimental determination of various mechanical characteristics of service exposed materials or components. The numerical simulation using FEM of such miniature test specimen is also discussed.

6 illus, 52 ref

002651   Hegde A V;Jadhav S (Department of Applied Mechanics & Hydraulics, National Institute of Technology, Karnataka Srinivasnagar-575 025) : Modal analysis of jacket offshore structures software development. ISH J Hydraul Engng 2004, 10(2), 106-20.

Fixed offshore structures are constructed in open ocean, where rough sea conditions often exist. Dynamic behavior of ocean waves develop high dynamic forces in the structure, which in turn result in resonant state, if the natural frequency of the structure is close to that of frequency of loading. Hence, it is important to predict the natural frequencies of the structures realistically. For such predictions, the modal analysis of the structures (idealized as a lumped model) needs to be carried out accurately, and a reliable numerical procedure must be used. An attempt made to develop a software named as Dynacs 1.0 which carries out the modal analysis of fixed jacket offshore structures accuratly and efficiently.

13 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

002650   Hattangady A V (Technol Development, Enercon Systems Pvt Ltd, ) : How to get the most from automatic power factor compensation. Process Pl Engng 2003, 21(1), 47-52.

Increasingly, Indian Industry is paying one of the highest power tariffs in the world. Countries in this club such as Germany and Italy have benefited from automatic Power Factor control as a competitive edge. They are already global leaders in Automatic Power Factor Compensation (APFC) Capacitors and Panels. Aimes at APFC users and takes a hands-on look at extending the lifetime payback for APFC equipment. The effects of current, voltage, harmonics and temperature and their interplay are discussed. These produce degradations in capacitors and contactors. Subtle problems go unnoticed since the equipment is operating silently in a corner, until a catastrophic breakdown occurs. Also discusses practical guidelines for panel designers and users. Peak inruch current limiting, forced cooling, component specifications, component selection and the role of the APFC controller with its protective functions are examined.

8 illus, 3 tables

002649   Gupta R P;Muralidhar B;Vaidya M M (Central Water and Power Research Station, , Pune-411 024) : Post construction remedial measures against suspected high seepage in an earth dam. ISH J Hydraul Engng 2004, 10(2), 58-70.

Presence of previous strata in the foundation of an earthen dam would pose a serious problem of seepage. Maskinala earthen dam in Raichur District of Karnataka was constructed on pervious foundation by providing partial cut-off and upstream blanket. Post construction detailed foundation investigation indicated presence of 2.0 to 8.0 m sand stratum underlain by 2.0 m thick highly pervious sand-gravel followed by imperious rock. Finite element steady seepage analysis for the dam and foundation indicated that the value of the exit gradient would be within the permissible limits. However, the quantity of seepage would be excessive after impoundment. This warranted additional defensive measures against seepage in the form of cut-off wall/diaphragm wall/slurry trench/geomembrane at the upstream toe and it should be ebedded at least 1.0 m in impermeeable bedrock. This would act as a positive cut-off. Since seepage quantity with this provision was found to be acceptable, suggestion for construction of a positive cut-off at upstream toe was recommended. Installation of piezometers in foundation and n the body of the dam was suggested to monitor performance of the earth dam after impoundment.

8 illus, 3 tables, 8 ref

002648   Gupta R N (National Inst of Rock Mechanics, , KGF-563 117) : Recent advances in blastiing. Indian Min Engng J 2003, 42(3), 16-23.

There had been significant development during the recent years in the field of explosives, method of delivery and initiation systems. Blasting techniques also have undergone some changes with development of techniques for cast blasting, smooth wall blasting and fragmentation blasting.

6 illus, 13 ref

002647   Gupta R D;Alam J (Department of Civil Engineering, Zakir Hussain College of Engineering and Technology, AMU, Aligarh) : An experimental study of the seepage and strength characteristics of dadri fly-ash mixed with cement and lime. ISH J Hydraul Engng 2004, 10(2), 49-57.

The control of seepage through either the body or the body or the foundation or both a hydraulic structure is of great significance from Civil Engineering point of view. In case of earth and rock fill dams, this is achieved by providing core in the body and cut-off in the foundation of the dam. Some times the foundation seepage is controlled by providing upstream blanket. In any case this control is affected by using relatively impermeable materials for the core, cut-off and the upstream blanket, Fly-ash, though permeable, can be made relatively by adding cement or lime in it. To achieve this goal an attempt has been made to study the effect of lime and cement on the permeability of fly-ash collected from Dadri thermal power station situated in U.P. The prosity has been kept constant at 40 for the purpose of comparison. It has been observed that the permeability of fly-ash reduces with the increase of lime and cement percentages. In case of cement, the permeability continuously with the increase in cement percentage, whereas in case of lime the premeability of fly-ash reduces up to 40 lime in the fly-ash-lime mixture but thereafter any further increase of lime percentage increases the permeability of this mixture. The results of present investigation suggest that mixing of 15 of cement or 35 of lime to the fly-ash gives practically the same value of permiability which is found to be in the initial range of the permeability of clay. In order to check the strength of these mixtures for use in hydraulic structures a comparison of compressive strength of cubes of fly-ash mixed with cement and lime at various percentage have also been made which shows that the lime fly-ash mixtures have quite low compressive strength as compared to cement fly-ash mixtures at the same porosity.

5 illus, 10 ref

002646   Gupta I;Pandey R K (Defence Standardization Cell, , Rakshna Manak Bhawan, Badarpur, New Delhi-110 044) : CAD tool for modelling VLSI designs. IETE Tech Rev 2003, 20(6), 541-5.

The application of AutoCAD for VLSI design of semiconductor devices has been presented. Two approaches namely symbolic design and polygon representation have been used to develop the CAD tool for modelling of VLSI designs. Sticks represent the structure in the symbolic design. The stick design approach reduces the design efforts significantly, while maintaining the high flexibility. It is seen that without going into the details of fabrication technology and the circuit behaviour, one can be benefittes from using stick representation. This representation acts as an efficient link between circuit diagram and layout. The transformation from stick diagram to mask layout is almost one to one. The polygon representation uses rectangle as its main entity in all the layers. The approach used here was to use the LISP interpreter of AutoCAD to interface LISP routines from outside to the main Auto CAD system. This approach can be used for generating the mask patterns of complex circuits in a very simplified manner. The main advantage of this package is that it can be used on PCs very efficiently. The software is very useful considering the cost, ease of availability and ease of use. It can be used effectively for applications in semiconductor thin film devices.

5 illus, 5 ref

002645   Gupta B K;Sharma S C;Lal M (Instrumentation Section, Paper Tech Dep, Indian Inst of Tech Roorkee, Saharanpur-247 667) : Analysis and simulation of non-blocking multiple input ATM switches based on input queuing. IETE Tech Rev 2003, 20(6), 541-5.

Studies the bursty traffic performance on non-blocking multiple input ATM switches. The interconnection network of the ATM switch is such that each input port maintains as separate queue of cells for each output port. A cell leaves it queue after receiving services of one time slot duration. When cells are served according to first-in-first-out (FIFO) strategy, then due to head-of line (HOL) blocking the performance of the switch is degraded. In order to improve the performance of non-blocking ATM switches, needs to deal with the HOL blocking peroblem. It was shown by Karol et al through mathematical analysis and computer simulation that HOL blocking limits the throughput [5] of each input port to a maximum of 58.6% under uniform random traffic and much lower than that for bursty traffic. Uses the parallel interative matching (PIM) technique to reduce the HOL blocking as described in [6]. In this work, link bandwidth is taken as 155.5 Mbps. So minimum delay suffered by a cell is 2.827 μs. Each input VBR source i, i=1,2......N, is modelled by two state ON-OFF interrupted Bernoulli Process (IBP). The switch throughput and mean cell delay are computed using simulation for different switch sizes. It has been observed by simulation that PIM technique increases throughput and reduces mean cell delay. These results are more suitable for providing better quality of service for real time bursty applications.

8 illus, 7 ref

002644   Gopinath G;Seralathan P (Department of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin-682 016) : Vertical electrical soundings for delineation of groundwater prospect zone in a crystalline terrains of the muvattupuzha river basin, Kerala, India. ISH J Hydraul Engng 2004, 10(2), 71-82.

The muvatupuzha basin is characterised by lateritie capping followed by weathered/fractured rock and ard bedrock consisting of pre-Cambrian and Archeangneisses. Groundwater in the muvattupuzha river basin occurs under water table conditions in laterites and semi-confined to confined conditions in fractured crystalline. Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) were conducted in the four sub basin of the Muvattupuzha (Muvattupuzha, Kothamangalam, Kaliyar and Thodupuzha) and the results were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively using both geological and hydrogeological information so as to demarcate potential groundwater zone in the phreatic aquifer and a few promising zone for putting medium to deep bore wells. It is found that among four sub basins, a large area of the Muvattupuzha sub basin is characterised by good to moderate phreatic groundwater potential zone while the rest of the basin fall under the category of poor to moderate. Certain promising sounding stations are identified in the basin for tapping groundwater from third and fourth layers by putting medium to deep bore wells.

7 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

002643   Garg S S (Sanghi Industries Limited (Cement Division), , Sanghipuram, Kutchh-370 655) : Seasonal fluctuation in ambient air quality of Chitrakoot region, Satna. Indian J envir Prot 2002, 22(12), 1390-4.

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