029892   VORA V D, HIRPARA D S, VEKARIA P D, SUTARIA G S, VALA F G (Main Dry Farming Research Station, Junagadh Agricultural Univ, Targhadia, Gujarat) : Effect of phosphorus management on yield, nutrient uptake by sesame and post-harvest soil fertility under rainfed condition. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2018, 7(5), 65-9.

A field experiment was conducted on clayey soil having low status of organic carbon and available phosphorus, high of available potassium and medium of available sulphur at Targhadia (Dist. Rajkot) during kharif season of 2011-12 to 2016-17 to study the effect of phosphorus management on yield, nutrient uptake by sesame and post-harvest soil fertility under rain fed condition. The experiment comprising of different twelve treatments laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications. The effect of phosphorus management treatments on plant height as well as on number of branches per plant were remained non-significant, whereas, number of capsules per plant were found significant in pooled results. The effect of phosphorus management on seed yield of sesame was found significant during three successive year and in pooled results, maximum seed yield (1035 kg/ha) were recorded under application of 50 kg P₂O₅/ha through SSP and which were statistically at par with application of 25 kg P₂O₅/ha through SSP. Whereas, the lowest seed yield (765 kg/ha) was recorded under control treatment i.e. RDN-50 kg N/ha.The effect of phosphorus management on stalk yield of sesame crop was found non-significant in all three successive years. However, it was found significant in pooled result. The uptake of N, P, K and S by sesame significantly influenced due to different P-fertilization treatments. The highest uptake of N (21.7 kg/ha), P (5.05 kg/ha), K (21.29 kg/ha) and S (5.28 kg/ha) by sesame was recorded when it was fertilized with 50 kg P₂O₅ through SSP. The available phosphorus, potash and sulphur status in the soil after harvest were significantly influenced due to different treatments. However, effect of different treatments on organic carbon status, pH and EC of the soil was found non-significant.

1 table, 8 ref

029797   MARAPANA R, NAYANARASI H, SENANAYAKA S, PERERA P, KODAGODA K (Food Science and Technology Dep, Sri Jayewardenepura Univ, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka) : Effect of processing conditions on quality of chicken sausages stuffed in different casings. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2018, 7(5), 56-64.

Freezing and chilling are the main low temperature preservation methods of meat products. Three types of Chicken sausage sample were prepared using Hog, Sheep and Devro (collagen) casings as a stuffing material and artificial (cellulose) used as control sample. Samples were vacuum packed and stored for 3 months at chilling (0 - 4 ⁰C) and freezing (-18 ⁰C) (slow and quick) conditions. Sample stuffed in sheep casing showed highest (11.84 ± 0.22 %) cooking loss. Sample stored in chilling temperature shown the highest microbial count (1.9 × 106 cfu/g) within 2 weeks and lowest pH (6.57 ± 0.04) which affect the sensory properties. Water holding capacity decreased in all types of casings with time. Storage temperatures significantly (P < 0.05) affect the Lightness*(L*). Processing conditions have a significant (P < 0.05) effect on texture of sausages. The highest purge loss observed (3.48 ± 0.01 %) in artificial casing with large diameter (28 mm). Microbial count was highest (7.5*10 cfu/g) in sheep casing, but within the acceptable level. Quick frozen and unthawed samples have a longer shelf life than 3 months. Therefore quick freezing is the best method of storage than chilling and slow freezing methods.

12 illus, 5 tables, 18 ref

029835   RAMESH S (Agronomy Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu) : Grain yield, nutrient uptake and nitrogen use efficiency as influenced by different sources of vermicompost and fertilizer nitrogen in rice. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2018, 7(5), 52-5.

Field experiments were conducted at Annamalai University, Experimental Farm, Annamalainagar, during Navarai season 2016 (January to April) and Kuruvai season (June to September) to study grain yield, nutrient uptake and nitrogen use efficiency as influenced by different sources of vermicompost and fertilizer nitrogen application in rice cultivation. The experiment comprised of ten treatments which includes control, recommend dose of nitrogen (RDN) alone and in combination with graded dose of nitrogen along with various organic manures namely sewage sludge compost, pressmud, FYM and water hyacinth compost and different sources of vermicompost. These were laid out in randomized block design and replicated thrice. Rice cultivar ADT 43 was used as test variety. The results revealed that crop raised with 50 % N through urea + 50 % N through pressmud vermicompost registered higher DMP and grain yield. The same treatment also noticed significant influence on the nutrient uptake. Plots received with 50 % N through urea + 50 % N through press mud registered higher values of Nitrogen use efficiency, Agronomic efficiency (AE), Apparent nitrogen recovery (ANR), physiological efficiency and Internal efficiency. From the above experimental results, it could be concluded that with application 50 % N through urea along with 50 % N through press mud vermicompost resulted in higher rice grain yield and also superior in respect of nutrient uptake and conserve the nitrogen under rice cultivation.

2 tables, 15 ref

029827   PAWAR V Y, KUTE N S, MAGAR N M, PATIL H T, AWARI V R, GAVALI R K, DESHMUKH G P, KANAWADE D G (Agriculture Coll, Dhule, Maharashtra) : Genotype × environment interactions for grain micronutrient contents in pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.]. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2018, 7(5), 37-44.

Assessment of the stability of grain iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) content across growing regions is a prerequisite in breeding for micronutrient enrichment in grains. Grain Fe and Zn contents were estimated in a set of 68 pearl millet genotypes grown at four environments. The Fe and Zn in grain ranged from 37.73-111.35 mg/kg and 26.48-111.35 mg/kg, respectively, across the environments. Significant genotype × environment (G × E) interactions were observed for both grain Fe and Zn, indicating differential nutrient accumulation by the genotypes. Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis indicated that the first two principal components were significant and contributed more than 75 % of G × E sum of squares. As the PCA I contributed more in G X E interaction, than other PCA, for both Fe and Zn, were pooled into residual, thus AMMI model with PCA I axis was accepted. Though environment (linear) variance was significant indicating linear sensitivity, significant pooled deviation for both the traits suggested that expression in some of the genotypes fluctuated significantly from their respective linear path of response to environments. None of parents or hybrids was found consistently stable for all the characters in any environment. The four promising cross combinations which had average stability for both micronutrient can be recommended for more rigorous testing in an array of environments to assess their stability or they may be used for generating new inbreds or varieties with wider adaptability for micronutrient, yield and yield contributing characters over location. The stable parents S-12/30088 could be used as sources for further genetic improvement of micronutrients. Environmental specific crosses may also be identified with high heterotic and sca effects, and available gene pool may be strengthened with the inclusion of more charge source of parental genotypes.

2 illus, 5 tables, 15 ref

029795   MALLA A K, SAIK N H, GEBREGZABIHER Z D (Extension Education Dep, Agriculture Coll, Odisha) : Study on different sources of stress of krishi vigyan kendras functionaries in Odisha. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2018, 7(5), 32-6.

Stress has become a pervading feature of people’s life in modern world. Random sampling was employed to select the sample of 16 KVKs from the overall 33 KVKs. Total enumeration (census method) was used for data collection. A total of 80 respondents were selected. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected from the sample respondents using mailed questionnaire. It is observed that majority of the sample respondents (55 %) conflicting demands at home and work is the only personal factor of stress. The study clearly depicts that the main economic reason for stress was insufficient salary (61.25 % contact). The majority of the respondents who acknowledge task related factors like a poor welfare activity which was favored by 70.0 % and in the context of role demand of the respondents to the extent of 70. It is observed that poor leadership was the cause for stress for 42.5 % of the respondents.

2 illus, 5 tables, 10 ref

029762   KALYANI K, SAILAJA V, BABU P S (RS & RRS, Rudrur, Nizamabad, Telangana) : Inorganic P fractions in rhizosphere and yield of onion amended with organics and inorganic P in soybean (Glycine max L.): onion (Allium cepa L.) cropping system. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2018, 7(5), 23-7.

A field experiment was conducted with soybean-onion cropping sequence in a high P Alfisol to study the response to P levels either alone or in combination with PSB, biochar, humic acid and citric acid to study the direct, residual and cumulative effects of the treatments imposed on inorganic P fractions and yield of onion. Among the inorganic P fractions estimated, saloid-P is the smallest pool and Ca-P is the largest pool. Cumulative application of 30 kg P₂O₅ ha^-1 along with biochar resulted in mean inorganic P fractions viz., saloid-P, Al-P, Fe-P, occluded-P and Ca-P of 3.11, 11.1, 50.5, 16.1 and 397 against 2.68, 9.3, 39.0, 14 and 358 mg kg^_-1 without organics. Among the organics, biochar application to soybean was found to be benefited more due to the cumulative application of 30 kg P₂O₅ ha^-1 resulting in a mean bulb yield of 24.1 t ha^-1 against 20.0 t ha^-1 due to the residual effect, the yield response being 20.5 per cent. There was significant positive correlation between Ca-P and onion yield (r = 0.889**) in the high P Alfisol.

1 illus, 6 tables, 17 ref

029889   VENKATESH B, GOWDA B, VASUDEVAN S N, DODDAGOUDAR S R, SUNKAD G, KONDA C R (Seed Science and Technology Dep, Agricultural Sciences Univ, Raichur, Karnataka) : Standardize the optimum dosage of polymer for soybean (Glycine max L. Merril) seed quality. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2018, 7(5), 16-8.

An experiment was undertaken to standardize the optimum dosage of polymer (L-200 red) for seed coating in soybean cv. JS 335 with 11 treatments (1 to 10 ml) including control. The coated seeds were then used for analysis various seed quality parameters. From the present study it was observed that soybean seeds coated with red polymer at 5 ml per kg of seeds recorded significantly higher germination percentage (90.67 %), speed of germination (42.33), peak value germination (37.47), shoot length (16.73 cm), root length (16.67 cm), seedling dry weight (415.0 mg), speed of germination (42.33) seedling vigour index-I (3027) and seedling vigour index-II (37618) compared to all other treatments and control (79.33 %, 31.97, 30.50, 12.10, 12.98, 324.67, 1989 and 25753, respectively).

1 table, 14 ref

029736   CHOWDARY K R, BABU G P, MITRNALA J (Ranga Agricultural Univ, Andhra Pradesh-522 034) : A study on training need assessment among farmers in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2018, 7(5), 08-11.

Need assessment is the process of evaluating the organization, individual employees and employees task to determine what kind of training, if any, are necessary. The present study was conducted during the year 2017-18 with objective of assessing training needs among the farmers of Kurnool district. Study revealed that majority of the farmers (82.00 %) needs training on crop production aspects on groundnut, onion and tomato, vegetable cultivation in shade net and poly houses. In crop protection aspect majority need training on virus management in chilli. In Horticulture majority of farmers opined that they need information on Pest and Disease resistant high yielding varieties in Tomato, Chilli and Onion. In home science majority need information on Value addition in minor millets. In Veterinary Aspects majority of farmers need information on scientific management of cattle and Hydroponic grass fodder production.

6 tables, 4 ref

029748   GOWDAR S B, DEEPA H, AMARESH Y S (Agricultutral Research Station, Gangavathi, Karnataka) : A brief review on biocontrol potential and PGPR traits of Streptomyces sp. for the management of plant diseases. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2018, 7(5), 3-7.

Streptomyces is the largest genus of Actinobacteria and the type genus of the family Streptomycetaceae. Streptomyces are soil saprophytes and are responsible for earthy odour of freshly ploughed soil due to production of geosmin. Now a days farmers became more and more dependent on agrochemicals but increasing negative effects. So alternative approaches like use of biocontrol agents for management of plant disease is very important. In that Streptomyces is also contributing for plant growth promotion activity and plant disease suppression. Streptomyces also produces some of the secondary metabolites such as indole acetic acids and chitinase. Streptomyces acts as both plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and also plant disease suppressor by various mechanisms like increase in the supply of nutrients such as phosphorus, sulphur, iron, copper, production of IAA, cytokinin and siderophor production; plant growth promoting through multi-dimensional manner by producing plant hormones; controlling fungi and bacterial disease through antibiosis and competition.

20 ref

029849   SAROJ N L, VERMA R S, PRAKASH S, VERMA S S, KUMAR V (Horticulture Dep, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Univ, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh) : Studies on the effect of foliar spray of micronutrient and plant growth regulators on physical parameter of guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Allahabad Safeda. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2018, 7(5), 01-2.

A field experiment was conducted during 2017 at Horticulture Research Farm-1, BBAU, Lucknow on 11- year- old guava plants, Studies on the effect of foliar spray of Micronutrient and plant growth regulators on physical parameter of guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Allahabad Safeda”, revealed that fruit set, fruit retention, fruit length, fruit width, fruit weight, fruit volume, specific gravity, fruit yield per plant (kg/plant) and yield (q/ha) were maximized when foliar spray was done with GA₃ 100 ppm, NAA 100 ppm, CaCl₂ (2%) and ZnSo₄ (1%) respectively.

1 table, 8 ref

029891   VIJAYALAKSHMI A, KARTHAYAYINI R (Botany Dep, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Wom, Coimbatore - 641 043, Email: rk.yayini@gmail.com) : Effect of vermicompost on biochemical content of two Indian green leafy vegetables. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018, 9(10), 4446-50.

Nowadays, the organic way of farming gains much more important and the people believe that the production of plants with organic farming has more nutrients and a lot of health benefits. In this, the green leafy vegetables occupy an important place among the food crops as they provide an adequate number of vitamins and minerals for humans. Solanum nigrum L. and Trigonella foenum-graecum L. are commonly used leafy vegetables in South India and also have so much of medicinal uses. The present investigation aims to identify the effect of different concentration of vermicomposting and biofertilizers on the biochemical content of both leafy vegetables. A total of five experimental models were designed T₀ (control) T₁ (vermicompost -15 gm), T₂ (vermicompost -20 gm) T₃ (vermicompost - 15 gm + Azospirillum) and T₄ (vermicompost -15 gm + Azotobacter). Among all treatments, the vermicompost -15 gm + asospirillum supplemented seedlings were absorbed significantly more protein, carbohydrates and amino acid content, whereas the chlorophyll content was recorded more in 20 g of vermicompost treated seedlings of both crops.

2 tables, 16 ref

031143   TARUN, KUMAR K, CHANDRAKAR D K, JANGADE A K (Agronomy Dep, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidhyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh) : To find out the effect of seed treatment and foliar nutrition on uptake of nutrients in Field pea under Utera system. Int J Chem Sci 2018, 2(6), 5-7.

A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2017-18 at Instructional cum Research Farm, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishvavidhyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh. Utera or paira cropping (relay cropping) is age old double cropping system under the rainfed conditions in which succeeding utera crop is directly broadcasted in the standing rice crop after the flowering stage (Sharma et al., 2004). Field pea are a valuable source of protein for both man and animals. The majority of pea proteins are storage proteins, or globulins, and the amino acid profile of these proteins determines their nutritional value. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design having the combination of twelve treatments and three replications. The treatment consisted of two seed treatment and six foliar nutrients spray. Seed treatment, S₂: Seed treatment with Rhizobium + PSB + fungicide + Sodium molybdate @ 0.5 g kg^-1 seed recorded higher growth character, yield attributes and seed yield than with S₁: Seed treatment with Rhizobium + PSB + fungicide under rainfed rice - utera condition. As regards to foliar nutrients F₅: 0.5 % NPK (19:19:19) spray at branching and 15 days after 1st spray was found superior among other foliar nutrient sprays in respect of growth characters, yield attributes and yield under rain fed rice - utera system.

1 table, 7 ref

031116   MIAO Y, YANG S, JIANG S, RONG J, YU J (Zhejiang A&F Univ, Zhejiang, China, Email: jinshyu@zafu.edu.cn) : A genetic system on chromosome arm 1BL of wild emmer causes distorted segregation in common wheat. J Genet 2018, 97(5), 1421–31.

Nonrandom segregation ratios of alleles ‘segregation distortion’ can have a striking impact on transmission genetics, and with widespread availability of genetic markers has been shown to be a frequent phenomenon. To investigate the possible effect of genetic interaction on segregation distortion and genetic map construction, the segregation and mapping of genetic markers located on wheat chromosomes 1A and 1B were followed in four recombinant substitution line (RSL) populations, produced using four chromosome-arm substitution lines (CASLs 1AS, 1AL, 1BS and 1BL) of wild emmer (Triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides, accession TTD140) in the background of the common wheat (T. aestivum) cultivar Bethlehem (BLH), each crossed to BLH itself. Using these four RSL populations, four genetic maps of chromosome 1 arms were constructed. A total of 22 genetic markers representing 19 loci were assigned to chromosome 1A, and 32 markers representing 30 loci were assigned to 1B. For chromosome 1B, two linkage maps were also constructed using RFLP data of an F₂ population derived from the same cross combination as the RSLs. The RSL and F₂ maps varied in genetic distances, but showed the same linear order of DNA markers. Segregation analysis revealed strong selection against BLH alleles on chromosome 1B, skewing the allelic frequency distribution in favour of TTD in both F₂ and RSL populations at all marker loci. On the contrary, strong selection against TTD alleles on chromosome 1A was detected for some loci in the BLH × CASL1AL RSLs, and their distribution was significantly skewed to BLH. F₂ populations always showed more segregation distortion than the corresponding RSLs. More markers near the region of chromosome 1B shared by both CASL1BS and 1BL (∼55 cM on chromosome 1B across the centromere) showed significantly distorted segregation in the BLH × CASL1BL population than in the corresponding BLH×CASL1BS populations. Six markers located on chromosome 1A region shared by CASL1AS and 1AL showed significantly distorted segregation in 1AL-RSL, while no marker showed distorted segregation in 1AS-RSL. These results indicated that genetic factor(s) in the centromere region cause the distorted segregation of genetic markers on wheat chromosome 1B.

3 illus, 3 tables, 42 ref

031098   FATTAHI F, FAKHERI B A, SOLOUKI M, MÖLLERS C, REZAIZAD A (Crop Science Dep, Georg-August-Univ Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany, Email: cmoelle2@gwdg.de) : Mapping QTL controlling agronomic traits in a doubled haploid population of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). J Genet 2018, 97(5), 1389–406.

Identification of superior alleles for agronomic traits in genetic resources of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) would be useful for improving the performance of locally adapted cultivars in Iran. The objective of the present work was to analyse the genetic variation and inheritance of important agronomic traits in a doubled haploid population derived from a cross between two German oilseed rape cultivars, Sansibar and Oase. Field experiments were performed in 2016–2017 with 200 doubled haploid lines and the parental genotypes applying an alpha-lattice design with two replicates. Phenological traits were recorded during the cultivation period and at maturity, seed yield, yield components and seed quality traits were determined. Significant genetic variation was found in most of the traits and heritabilities ranged from medium (48.5 %) for days to end of flowering to high (92.6 %) for oil content. A molecular marker linkage map was used to map 36 QTL for different traits on 17 linkage groups. Between three and four QTL were identified for each seed yield, seed weight, oil and protein content. Some of the plant material and positive QTL alleles identified for agronomic traits may be useful for improving those characters in locally adapted cultivars in Iran.

3 illus, 5 tables, 43 ref

031129   SCHLAUTMAN B, COVARRUBIAS-PAZARAN G, RODRIGUEZ-BONILLA L, HUMMER K, BASSIL N, SMITH T, ZALAPA J (Horticulture Dep, Wisconsin Univ, Wisconsin 53706, USA, Email: jezalapa@wisc.edu) : Genetic diversity and cultivar variants in the NCGR cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) collection. J Genet 2018, 97(5), 1339–51.

The American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) is an endemic domesticated species that has become an economically important commercial fruit crop. The USDA-ARS National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR) houses the national Vaccinium collection, which includes representatives of historical cranberry cultivars and wild-selected germplasm. The objective of this study was to examine the genotypes of 271 cranberry plants from 77 accessions representing 66 named cultivars using 12 simple-sequence repeats to assess clonal purity and cultivar relatedness. Using principal components analysis and neighbour-joining based on estimated genetic distances between individuals, we identified 64 unique genotypes and observed that intracultivar variants (i.e. subclones) existed in the germplasm collection and in the commercial bogs where some accessions originated. Finally, through a comparison of the genotypes of this study with the previous studies, pedigree analysis and the study of the geographic distribution of cranberry diversity, we identified consensus genotypes for many accessions and cultivars. We highlight the important role that the NCGR collection plays for ex situ conservation of cranberry germplasm for future breeders and researchers. The NCGR continues to search for historically relevant cultivars absent from the collection in an effort to preserve these genotypes before they are lost and no longer commercially grown.

2 illus, 3 tables, 31 ref

031146   ZHAO N, WANG Y, HUA J (China Agricultural Univ, Beijing 100193, China, Email: jinping_hua@cau.edu.cn) : Genomewide identification of PPR gene family and prediction analysis on restorer gene in Gossypium. J Genet 2018, 97(5), 1083–95.

Pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) gene family plays an essential role in the regulation of plant growth and organelle gene expression. Some PPR genes are related to fertility restoration in plant, but there is no detailed information in Gossypium. In the present study, we identified 482 and 433 PPR homologues in Gossypium raimondii (D₅) and G. arboreum (A₂) genomes, respectively. Most PPR homologues showed an even distribution on the whole chromosomes. Given an evolutionary analysis to PPR genes from G. raimondii (D₅), G. arboreum (A₂) and G. hirsutum genomes, eight PPR genes were clustered together with restoring genes of other species. Most cotton PPR genes were qualified with no intron, high proportion of α-helix and classical tertiary structure of PPR protein. Based on bioinformatics analyses, eight PPR genes were targeted in mitochondrion, encoding typical P subfamily protein with protein binding activity and organelle RNA metabolism in function. Further verified by RNA-seq and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses, two PPR candidate genes, Gorai.005G0470 (D₅) and Cotton_A_08373 (A₂), were upregulated in fertile line than sterile line. These results reveal new insights into PPR gene evolution in Gossypium.

6 illus, 2 tables, 72 ref

031126   RENUKA, ANSARI A A, JAIKISHUN S, SEECHARRAN D (Biology Dep, Guyana Univ, South America, Email: abdullah.ansari@uog.edu.gy) : Nutrient composition of Cassia alata and Cordia curassavica derived vermiwash and vermicompost and their effect on hydroponically grown Pak-Choi. Agric Res J 2018, 55(4), 691-5.

Experiments conducted during 2015-2016 at University of Guyana, Georgetown, South America focused on the nutrient composition of vermiwash (liquid material collected from vermicomposting units) and vermicompost produced from Cassia alata (carrion crow bush)-[CCB] and Cordia curassavica (black sage)-[BS] singly and in combination [CCB+BS]. The study also investigated the effects of the vermicompost and vermiwash on hydroponically grown Pak-choi (Brassica rapa spp. chinensis). The plants were subjected to four treatments of vermiwash and vermicompost which were replicated three times in a randomized block design. The results obtained showed that vermiwash and vermicompost together can substitute for the nutrient solution in hydroponic systems. Vermicompost harvested with treatment [CCB+BS] contained higher nitrogen content of 2.09 % whereas phosphorus content of 0.04 % was maximum in treatment [BS]. Potassium content of 1.41 % was higher in treatments [BS] and [CD]. Vermiwash collected from treatment [CCB] had higher nitrogen content of 2.45 mg/l whereas phosphorous content of 0.03 mg/l was greater in treatment [CCB+BS]. Potassium content of 1.72 mg/l was higher in treatment [CCB]. Maximum plant height of 128.3 cm was recorded in T4 (vermicompost and vermiwash from [BS] treatment) whereas greater number of leaves per plant (33.3) were noted in T5 (combination treatment). The vermiwash and vermicompost made from black sage leaves and carrion crow bush leaves singly or in combination were found to be equally effective in growth of Pak choi through semi-hydropinic system in comparison to control.

3 illus, 5 tables, 29 ref

031132   SHARMA S, SHARMA S, THAKUR A, SINGH M J (PAU Regional Research Station, Ludhiana - 141 004, Punjab, Email: sapnasharma13@gmail.com) : Periodic changes in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the rhizospheric soil of fruit plants. Agric Res J 2018, 55(4), 685-90.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are ubiquitous soil microbes and play a very important role in terrestrial ecosystems. The present study involved analyzing seasonal variation of root colonization and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in the rhizosphere soil of seven different fruit plants of north-western India. The AM fungal colonization fluctuated seasonally in the rhizosphere of these fruit plants. The total AM fungal colonization (35.0), spore population (31.7) and number of AMF species (5.0) associated was highest in amla ( Emblica officinalis) plants in monsoon and post monsoon season. There was significant difference of the colonization by arbuscules and vesicles between the three seasons (pre-monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon). Glomus was found to be the dominant genus in all the plants. Other AMF species of genera Acaulospora, Gigaspora, Sclerocystis and Scutellospora were also present. Different AM colonization structures like mycelium, arbuscules and vesicles were also observed. Wide variations were observed in root colonization, spore number and AM fungal diversity among different plants and seasons.

3 tables, 26 ref

031123   RANI N, SINGH D, SIKKA R (Soil Science Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana – 141 004, Punjab, Email: neerajsoil@pau.edu) : Effect of applied chromium and amendments on dry matter yield and uptake in maize - indian mustard rotation in soils irrigated with sewage and tubewell waters. Agric Res J 2018, 55(4), 677-84.

Screen house study was conducted to determine the effects of farmyard manure (FYM) and lime on the growth and chromium (Cr) accumulation of maize and Indian mustard in artificially contaminated soils. One of the soils received sewage irrigation (SWI) and the other tubewell irrigation (TWI) and both were treated with Cr at 0 to 320 mg kg^-1 soil. Maize and Indian mustard were grown for 45 and 50 days, respectively. The results revealed that there was linear reduction in dry matter yield (DMY) of maize with increasing level of chromium irrespective of the amendment. Application of both FYM and lime reduced the magnitude of reduction with Cr contamination. At 320 mg Cr kg^-1 level, application of FYM improved the maize yield by 1.2% in TWI and 4.4% in SWI soil over control and mustard yield by 15% and 23.5%, in respective soils over control. The application of lime at the same level decreased the maize yield in both soils but increased the mustard yield by 1.5% in TWI and 11.9%, in SWI soils over control. The Cr content and uptake in maize and Indian mustard increased linearly and significantly at all levels of applied Cr in both the soils. The significant increase in Cr uptake was observed up to 80mg kg^-1 in both the crops but the uptake was more pronounced in mustard than in maize. The toxic effect of Cr on crops could be alleviated more effectively with FYM than with lime application.

7 tables, 22 ref

031137   SINGH V, GILL K K, BHATT K (Climate Change & Agricultural Meteorology Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana – 141004, Punjab, Email: kkgill@pau.edu) : Predicting chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) yield through different regression models in central Punjab under climate change scenario. Agric Res J 2018, 55(4), 669-76.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) yield was predicted by developing three different statistical models i.e. basic model (model 1), modified model (model 2) and reformed model (model 3) with special focus on three districts of central Punjab, namely Amritsar, Ludhiana and Patiala. These statistical models have been developed by analyzing the long series of actual crop yield data and data on climatic parameters (minimum and maximum temperature, relative humidity, bright sunshine hours and rainfall on weekly basis). The sensitive periods for chickpea with respect to weather parameters were identified for different weather parameters by using correlation and selected windows with high correlation values were taken for further regression analysis. In the first basic model, the multiple regression technique was used to predict the crop yield by using only weather parameters. The second model is modified model, where technology trend was taken as one of the extra variable in multiple regressions. In the third model, multiple regression analysis was done by using more terms and named as reformed model. Regression equations were developed separately for all the three models and were used to predict chickpea yield. The data for a period of 42 years (1971-2012) was used to develop the forecast model and data of subsequent three years (2013-2015) was used to validate the models. For Ludhiana, among all the three models, basic model and modified model explained up to 75 % variation in chickpea yield due to weather parameters while reformed model explained highest i.e. 85% variation in chickpea yield due to weather parameters. In case of Amritsar district, basic, modified and reformed model explained 46, 48 and 57 % variation in chickpea yield, respectively. In case of Patiala, the reformed model was the best fitted model to explain chickpea yield as it explained upto 60 % variation in chickpea yield followed by modified model which explained upto 54 % variation. Whereas, basic model explained 50 % variation in chickpea yield. The results revealed that the reformed model was best fitted for Ludhiana, Patiala and Amritsar region as far as chickpea yield was concerned.

2 illus, 5 tables, 9 ref

031135   SINGH K, SANDHU S K (Climate Change & Agricultural Meteorology Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana -141 004, Punjab, Email: skchahal@pau.edu) : Growth dynamics and yield of mungbean under different growing environments. Agric Res J 2018, 55(4), 664-8.

An experiment was conducted to investigate the growth dynamics and yield of mungbean under different growing environments at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The mungbean was sown on three different dates of sowing (1^st July, 15^th July and 30^th July) with three different row spacings (22.5 cm, 30 cm and 45 cm) under split plot design. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and biometric observations such as leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter accumulation were recorded periodically. The yield and yield contributing characteristics were recorded at harvesting. Relationships were developed between PAR interception and dry matter accumulation and leaf area index. Highly significant coefficient of determination (R²) was observed which indicated that PAR interception significantly influences dry matter accumulation as well as leaf area index of crop. The seed yield was highest (10.04 q/ha) in 15^th July followed by 1^st July (8.97 q/ha) and 30^th July (8.45 q/ha) sown crop. Among different row spacings, the seed yield was higher in 30 cm row spacing (9.82 q/ha) followed by 22.5 cm (9.00 q/ha) and 45 cm (9.65 q/ha) row spacing.

4 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

031111   KAUL A, DEOL J S (Agronomy Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana - 141 004, Punjab, Email: amitkaul@pau.edu) : Response of Bt cotton to early season floral bud removal: Growth and yield distribution. Agric Res J 2018, 55(4), 659-63.

Response of Bt cotton to square removal was studied to determine the impact of loss of fruiting forms due to insect pest attack or physiological damage on phenology, growth and yield of cotton at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India. Three Bt cotton hybrids were assessed for the removal of floral buds for consecutive four weeks @ 25 % and 50 % from the day squares start initiation. The vegetative growth (plant height) in 25% and 50% square removal treatments increased significantly (˂0.0001) over that of undamaged control treatment among all the hybrids. In contrast, the reproductive growth (number of squares, flowers, bolls per plant and seed cotton yield) significantly decreased in 50 % simulation treatments over that of undamaged control treatment and 25 % square removal treatment in different hybrids. The decrease in seed cotton yield was 8.6 and 10.4 % as compared to 0 and 25 % square removal treatments, respectively. The results indicate that Bt cotton can tolerate at least modest levels (25 %) of square removal without yield reduction.

1 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

031128   SAHA S K, SINGH S P, KINGRA P K (Climate Change and Agricultural Meteorology Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana – 141 004, Punjab, Email: sompal69@pau.edu) : Estimation of reference crop evapotranspiration of barley using cropwat model in Punjab. Agric Res J 2018, 55(4), 654-8.

Reference crop evapotranspiration (ET_o) of barley during Rabi 2016-17 for Gurdaspur and Ludhiana regions of Punjab was computed by CROPWAT model. Seasonal mean reference crop evapotranspiration was relatively higher for Ludhiana (2.74 mm day^-1) as compared to Gurdaspur (2.17 mm day^-1) region. Higher temperature, wind speed, sunshine hours and lower relative humidity at Ludhiana seemed to be the reason for higher ET rates at Ludhiana than Gurdaspur. Radiation use efficiency was also more for Ludhiana (14 MJ m^-2 day^-1) than Gurdaspur (12.9 MJ m^-2 day^-1), which has also been observed to be directly proportional to the ET_o at both the locations. An increase in the temperature by 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0^oC from the existing temperature was found to increase the ET_o by 0.72, 1.82, 2.91 and 4.01 %, respectively and water requirement by 1.27, 3.10, 4.26 and 5.56 % in the similar order at Ludhiana. The corresponding simulated departures for Gurdaspur were 0.92, 1.38, 2.30 and 3.33 % for ET_o and 2.65, 3.93, 5.43 and 7.10 % for irrigation water requirement. The study concluded that global warming scenarios are likely to increase crop water requirements thus putting tremendous pressure on already over-exploited water resources, suggesting thereby the need for effective planning of water resources in the region.

2 illus, 4 tables, 14 ref

031094   DHILLON B S, UPPAL R S, RAM H (Agronomy Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana-141004, Punjab, Email: balwinderdhillon.pau@gmail.com) : Growth, productivity and water use efficiency of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) as affected by sowing date and cutting management. Agric Res J 2018, 55(4), 649-53.

A study was carried out during winter season of 2015-16 and 2016-17 at the research farm of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana with the objective of finding out optimum time of sowing and suitable cutting management for higher productivity of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Sowing early on October 15 recorded significantly higher plant height, number of tillers/m² and dry matter accumulation. Significantly higher grain and biological yields were obtained in early sowing (i.e. October 15). The highest amount of water was used in early sowing (i.e. October 15) and minimum in late sowing (i.e. November 15). Water use efficiency in October 15 and October 30 sown crops was statistically similar during first year. But during second year, water use efficiency of October 30 and November 15 crops was statistically at par with each other. Un-cut crop recorded significantly higher plant height and dry matter accumulation. Significantly higher number of tillers/m² at 90 DAS was in un-cut, while at 120 DAS, number of tillers in un-cut was statistically at par with the fodder cut at 50 DAS + additional 15 kg N ha-1 after fodder cut (N₁₅). Fodder cut at 50 DAS and un-cut produced similar grain and biological yields. However, the cutting can be delayed up to 60 DAS to get more production of green fodder (40.5 to 41.8% than that at 50 DAS) but at the cost of 20.6-22.7% reduction in grain yield.

3 tables, 7 ref

031112   KAUR R, SHARMA S, BEDI S, MAHAJAN G (Botany Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana - 141 004, Punjab, Email: rupinderkaur2088@gmail.com) : Yield and nitrogen use efficiency of selected dry-direct seeded rice genotypes in North-West India. Agric Res J 2018, 55(4), 639-48.

Dry-direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) (DDSR) is emerging as an alternative crop production system to overcome water crisis and labor shortage associated with the conventional method of puddled transplanted rice (PTR). Studies on nitrogen (N) nutrition, uptake, and N use efficiency (NUE) indices of rice genotypes are crucial for the development of high yielding genotypes under DDSR system. We investigated yield, its components and NUE indices of selected genotypes in response to variable N application. The experiment was laid out in a complete randomized block design with genotypes AAUDR, MAS 946, Dhan 202 and IET 23455 and N levels 0, 75, 150, and 225 kg N/ha. Significant differences in grain yield, N uptake and NUE indices were observed among genotypes. The genotype IET 23455 was found to be superior among all the tested genotypes in terms of grain yield, grain N uptake, N uptake efficiency and NUE traits. It was concluded that N uptake and N uptake efficiency are predominant factors in determining grain yield. Because of genotypic differences in NUE, it may be possible to develop genotypes that are efficient even at low N application. Such genotypes may be used for selection of high yielding and N-efficient rice genotypes for DDSR.

8 tables, 45 ref

031134   SINGH G, SINGH I, SINGH S, GUPTA M, SHARMA P (Plant Breeding and Genetics Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana - 141 004, Punjab, Email: gurrimattu786@gmail.com) : Evaluation of BC₁F₂ and F₃ populations derived through wide hybridization for yield and component traits in pigeonpea. Agric Res J 2018, 55(4), 633-8.

Introgression for yield and its component traits in pigeonpea was studied in the BC₁F₂ and F₃ populations derived from an interspecific cross between Cajanus scarabaeoides (ICP 15683) and C. cajan (ICPL 20329). In both the populations, a wide range of variation was observed for different traits, viz. fruiting branches per plant, pods per plant and yield per plant. The BC₁F₂ derivatives recorded mean superiority of 100%, 94% and 45.9%, while F₃ derivatives recorded superiority of 57%, 31% and 15% over the recurrent parent ICPL 20329 for fruiting branches per plant, pods per plant and seed yield per plant, respectively. Seed yield per plant had highly significant and positive association with pods per plant and fruiting branches per plant.

2 illus, 4 tables, 18 ref

031106   JAYAKUMAR V, MURUGAN S S, MANIVANNAN S (Zoology Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalai Nagar, Tamilnadu, Email: senthilmuruganphd@yahoo.co.in) : Effects of nitrogen rich organic waste materials on the organic humification process during biodegradation. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 707-13.

Nitrogenous waste, poultry droppings is generated in huge amounts and cause serious hazards to the environment. In this experiment, poultry droppings (PD) amended with sugar cane pressmud (PM) and cow dung (CD) were used as substrate for exotic earthworm species Eudrilus eugeniae and Eisenia fetida to stabilize and standardize the recycling the nutrients on the basis of changes in humification process during experimentation. The humification process during worm unworked composting and vermicomposting was carried out and observed results were suggested that total humification process in the vermicompost produced by both species of earthworms E. eugeniae and E. fetida were significantly enhanced than initial substrate and worm unworked natural compost. Though, among the different treatments VT1, VT2 and VT3 treatments for E. eugeniae and VT6, VT7 and VT8 for E. fetida treatments showed significantly (p<0.05) higher level of total humic acid content (HA) and humification index (HI) and reduction of total fulvic acid (FA) and humic carbon content (HC) than other treatments of both worms and treatments without earthworms (WW11 to WW15).

5 tables, 25 ref

031093   CHOUDHURY R, SAHA P, DAS P (Zoology Dep, Bajali Coll, Pathsala, Assam, Email: puranjitbajali@gmail.com) : Role of forest resources on livelihood of local people in Chakrasila Wildlife Sanctuary of Assam. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 553-7.

Chakrasila Wildlife Sanctuary, a human dominated protected area situated in Kokrajhar and Dhubri districts of Assam, well known for Golden Langur. The sanctuary is covered by 28 villages inhabiting different ethnic groups such as Bodo, Rabha, Garo, Rajbonghi, Nepali, Muslim etc. The present studies consist of extent of forest dependence and livelihood benefits from various forest resources by local people and their attitude towards biodiversity conservation. Data were obtained by interviewing 326 respondents from 150 families of all 28 villages from various economic and demographic backgrounds during the period of 2nd January 2017 to 31st March, 2017 by using a questionnaire. The study revealed that forest resources contributing 20-70 % income of 95 % households directly or indirectly. The poor families have been mostly depending upon forest resources. But economically sound families also utilized various forest resources. The findings provide valuable information on livelihood from forest resources by different sections of inhabitants. Among a section of people, knowledge on wildlife conservation was found in very little though few NGOs have been working relentlessly in this aspect. The Govt and NGOs have to play significant role for better future of the protected area by inculcating the people to reduce their dependency from decreasing forest resources.

1 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

031138   SOPANRAO S R (Dairy science Dep, Yeshwant Mahavidyalaya, Nanded - 431 602, Email: rajkumar_sonwane2000@yahoo.com) : Microbial quality test of pasteurized milk distributed by Pvt. Milk Processing Unit in Nanded. (M.S.). Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 189-92.

The study has been conducted in one of the reputed milk Processing plant, Nanded. Over the study period from June 2017 to May 2018. The quality of the milk samples checked for the difference in the microbial load in the pasteurized milk sample for different microbial load and finding out variations in methylene blue reduction time in MBRT test. The anticipating quality assessment and finding out contamination after pasteurization during morning distribution at cold storage temperature. The observation was the rate of reduction time in MBRT the colour variation of the pasteurized milk in the average range of 5.3 hrs. to 5.9 hrs. This study concluded that at the time of collection, post pasteurization MBRT result show good quality milk but with increasing time the microbial load increases at room temperature.

2 tables, 12 ref

031102   HAMSA D, KARTHIKA (Biochemistry Dep, Bharathidasan Coll of Arts Science, Erode - 638 116, Email: ham4jes23@gmail.com) : Comparative study of potential levels of vermicompost using different wastes from Erode district. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018, 9(12), 5449-54.

Waste disposal has become one of the major problems we are facing today. The rapid increase in the generation of huge extent of waste is one feature of the environmental crisis. This is accompanying with recent global development with respect to rapid urbanization and population growth which has resulted into development of large quantity of organic solid waste. Vermi composting has become progressively more popular across the word in recent decades; Vermicompost is the process which will convert waste into valuable fertilizer. The function of earthworms on soil ecosystem differs considerably with different earthworm species that are linked to their approach. In the present study was conducted to manage the different wastes obtained from erode district. The solid waste like Agriculture waste, Market waste, Industrial waste, Hospital waste and Household waste were collected and converted into vermicompost. The characteristics and nutrients elements of different vermicomposts are evaluated. Among all vermicomposts the agricultural waste, market waste and house hold waste gave potential vermicompost.

9 illus, 7 tables, 8 ref

031089   BELAY F, MERESA H, SYUM S (Abergelle Agricultural Research Center, Abi-Adi, Ethiopia) : Variation and association for kernel yield and yield related traits of released groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) varieties in Abergelle district, northern Ethiopia. J Med Plants Stud 2018, 6(6), 265-71.

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), also known as monkey-nut, peanut, earthnut and goobers, is a major cash crop and widely grown in all the tropical and subtropical regions of the world for direct use as food, oil and high protein meal, and is the second most important lowland oilseed crop after sesame in Ethiopia. However, its production and productivity is considerably low in Abergelle areas, Northern Ethiopia due to insufficient improved and disease resistant/ tolerant varieties. Thus, a field experiment was conducted during the 2016 and 2017 main cropping seasons using a randomized complete block design with three replications at Abergelle agricultural research center on station to evaluate the performance and select the best genotypes for kernel yield and yield related traits and to assess the association among traits of some released groundnut varieties under rain-fed conditions. There was significant genotypic variability for all the traits evaluated under study. Highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) and positive association of kernel yield with dry pod yield (rg = 0.85, rp= 0.83), harvest index (rg = 0.82, rp= 0.86), shelling percentage (rg = 0.80, rp= 0.83) and biomass yield (rg = 0.43, rp= 0.31) was observed. However, the association between kernel yield and days to flowering and days to maturity was strongly negative and highly significant (P ≤ 0.01). This indicates that selection for those traits showing positive and significant correlation coefficient with kernel yield would supports the possibility to increase kernel yield and the vice versa. Overall, Fetene and Roba had better performance than the other varieties for yield with 1716 and 1621 kg ha^-1, respectively. Therefore, Fetene and Roba are recommended as promising varieties to the farmers of Abergelle areas.

1 illus, 5 tables, 25 ref

031145   ZHANG L, LIN M, HE C, CHENG Q (Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China) : Development of "traditional Chinese medicine agriculture" to establish ecological agriculture with the Chinese characteristics. J Med Plants Stud 2018, 6(6), 95-9.

Agriculture evolved from ancient times and moved toward the future with the development of human nature, society and thought. With the reform of economy, society and science and technology, agriculture is facing new opportunities, challenges, bottlenecks and changes as the basis and premise of human survival and development. At present, the active development of "Traditional Chinese Medicine agriculture" is the integration of ancient and modern agriculture, under the pressure of resources, environment and the quality, safety and sustainability of agriculture, the theoretical innovation and realistic choices of the development of ecological agriculture with international and Chinese characteristics. Here we discuss the consistency of TCM agriculture and ecological agriculture and the role of China and agriculture in the development of sustainable agriculture. Some suggestions for the development of TCM agriculture are also provided.

1 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref

031092   CHOUDHARY M, DOBARIYA J B, AKLADE S A, SONAVANE S S (NAU, Dangs, Gujarat) : Awareness and adoption of improved sapota production technology by the farmers. J Med Plants Stud 2018, 6(6), 21-4.

Sapota or sapodilla commonly known as ‘Chiku’ is an evergreen fruit tree. India is considered to be the largest producer of sapota in the world. The major sapota producing states in India are Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Sapota is a hardy tropical fruit crop and it prefers warm but moist weather and grows in both dry and humid areas. The valsad district consist of five talukas i.e. Pardi, Dharampur, Valsad, Kaparada and Umergam out of these Pardi taluka was selected purposively for study purpose. The results show that majority of the sapota grower’s possessed medium awareness and adoption level about improved sapota technology.

6 tables, 5 ref

031086   AKLADE S A, ZINZALA V J, CHOUDHARY M (NAU, Dangs, Gujarat) : Evaluation of OFT on different spacing in watermelon. J Med Plants Stud 2018, 6(6), 19-20.

The On Farm Testing (OFT) on “Evaluation of different spacing in watermelon” during the Summer season was conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Navsari Agricultural University, Waghai on farmers field in three villages namely Ambapada, Davdahad and Borigavtha of Waghai taluka during the years 2013-14 to 2015-16 comprising of three different spacings tratments viz., T1 = 1.0 x 0.5 m (Farmers practices), T2 = 2.0 x 1.0 m (Normal spacing) and T3 = 1.0 x 0.6 x 3.4 m (Paired row spacing). The results revealed that the watermelon crop sown at paired row spacing resulted in higher yield of 19300 kg/ha as well as net returns of Rs. 1, 50,500/ha as compared to 18108 kg/ha yield & Rs. 1, 40,580/ha net income under normal spacing and the farmer's practices recorded the least values for both the parameters (15174 kg/ha and Rs. 109240/ha, respectively). So, on the basis of OFT results, it is recommended to grow watermelon crop at a spacing of 1.0 x 0.6 x 3.4 m for obtaining higher yield & net returns.

2 tables, 6 ref

031117   PATEL T, CHOUDHARY M, SONAVANE S S, AKLADE S A (NAU, Dangs, Gujarat) : Constraints faced by ragi growers of Dang district. J Med Plants Stud 2018, 6(6), 13-5.

Antimycotic Activity (Agar well diffusion technique) of ethanolic leaf extract of Argemone mexicana L. The research was carried out in Dang district of South Gujarat during 2017. From selected taluka, five villages were selected randomly. In order to identify constraints faced by Ragi growers, 100 respondents as a sample size for the study. The results observed that half of the farmers were in the old age group, most of the farmer’s had primary level education, had semi medium land holding, respectively. Major constraints faced by the Ragi growers are, soil erosion get rank first, sloppy undulating and unfertile land get rank second, higher cost of fertilizer get rank third in Ragi cultivation.

6 tables, 4 ref

031095   DING J, LI H, ZHANG Z, LIN J, LIU F, MU W (Shandong Agricultural Univ, Shandong 271018, China, Email: muwei@sdau.edu.cn) : Thiamethoxam, clothianidin, and imidacloprid seed treatments effectively control thrips on corn under field conditions. J Insect Sci 2018, 18(6), 19.

With the widespread adoption of no-tillage technology, outbreaks of thrips have caused serious damage to summer corn fields in China. Therefore, effective control of pest populations is often essential for cost-effective crop production. In this study, experiments were conducted in 2014 and 2015 to determine the control efficacy of seven neonicotinoid insecticide seed treatments against corn thrips and the effects of these treatments on natural enemy population densities and emergence rates, seedling characteristics, and yield of corn. The results showed that among the tested neonicotinoid seed treatments, thiamethoxam (1.0 and 2.0 g active ingredient (AI)/kg of seeds), clothianidin (1.0 and 2.0 g AI/kg of seeds), and imidacloprid (2.0 g AI/kg of seeds) showed the highest control efficacy against corn thrips throughout the corn growing season. Seed treatments with acetamiprid, nitenpyram, dinotefuran, and thiacloprid at rates of 1.0 and 2.0 g AI/kg of seeds were difficult to effectively control thrips on summer corn. Neonicotinoid seed treatments showed no adverse effects on the numbers of spiders and lady beetles. Furthermore, treatments did not negatively influence the seedling growth or development of corn but did prevent yield losses. Therefore, treating corn seeds with thiamethoxam, clothianidin, and imidacloprid can provide effective protection against early-season thrips and reduce yield losses under field conditions.

4 illus, 1 table, 51 ref

031113   KUMAR A, MISHRA V N, BISWAS A K, SOMASUNDARAM J (Soil Physics Div, ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal-462 038, Email: awanish09_raj@yahoo.co.in) : Soil organic carbon, dehydrogenase activity and fluorescein diacetate as influenced by contrasting tillage and cropping systems in Vertisols of Central India. J Environ Biol 2018, 39(6), 1047-53.

The present study aimed to compare the effects of different tillage systems and cropping systems on soil biological activity in terms of soil organic carbon, labile carbon, dehydrogenase activity, fluorescein diacetate activity and crop productivity. The yield data of different cropping systems were converted in soybean grain equivalent yield using minimum support price based on 2015 and expressed in q ha^-1. Soil samples were collected randomly from 2-3 locations from the plots at the end of 3^rd crop cycles at 0-5 and 5-15 cm depths during April 2014 with the help of core sampler and processed. The soil samples were analysed using standard analytical procedures. Within tillage system, soil organic carbon was recorded higher in reduced tillage (0.67 %), compared to notillage (0.66 %) and conventional tillage (0.62 %) at 0-5 cm depth. The labile carbon in surface soil (0-5 cm) followed same trend of soil organic carbon, whereas at 5-15 cm depth, it followed the trend : no-tillage > reduced tillage > conventional tillage. Furthermore, soil enzymatic activity was significantly affected by the imposed tillage systems. The results of dehydrogenase activity reported higher in no-tillage system compared to reduced and conventional tillage; whereas fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis was reported higher in reduced tillage followed by no-tillage and conventional tillage at surface soil (0-5 cm). Pearson correlation (r) showed significant correlations between soil organic carbon and soil biological parameters. It was inferred that cropping system had a significant effect on soybean grain equivalent yield at end of 3^rd crop cycles. The results of this study also confirmed effectiveness of studied parameters as soil indicators owing to sensitivity towards management practices. Soil microbial activities greatly influenced with depth as in the upper layer than 5-15 cm depth. Significantly positive correlation between soil organic carbon and microbial activities indicated enhanced microbial biodiversity, maintaining a better environment for stabilizing soil quality due to tillage and cropping systems applied.

4 tables, 36 ref

031122   PREETHI P, SOORIANATHASUNDARAM K, SADASAKTHI A, SUBRAMANIAN K S, PALIYATH G, SUBRAMANIAN J (Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore - 641 003, Email: pppreethifruitscience@gmail.com) : Influence of Hexanal formulation on storage life and post-harvest quality of mango fruits. J Environ Biol 2018, 39(6), 1006-14.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of hexanal formulation on delaying ripening as well as its impact on quality attributes of mango cultivars Banganapalli and Alphosno. th th Treatments included 2 % hexanal formulation pre-harvest spray at 15 and 30 day before harvest, post-harvest dip for two minutes, combination of spray and dip and no spray and dip stored at ambient and cold storage condition. The physiological parameters revealed loss in weight, respiration rate, ethylene evolution rate and fruit firmness of fruits subjected to combination of pre-harvest spray and post-harvest dip with hexanal formulation and kept in cold storage were superior as compared to control under ambient storage condition. Treatments with hexanal formulation significantly influenced total sugars, total carotenoids and total flavonoids in the fruits. Ascorbic acid content and total antioxidant activity was enhanced in pre- and postharvest hexanal formulation treatments as compared to control by 11 % and 28 %. The effect of hexanal formulation as pre-harvest spray and post-harvest dip extended the shelf life of mango fruits from 5 days to 10 days in ambient storage and from 12 days to 20 days in cold storage. Pre and post-harvest hexanal formulation treatments along with cold storage offers significant promise to increase the post-harvest fruit quality and reduce post-harvest losses in mango.

3 illus, 2 tables, 51 ref

031115   LALLAWMKIMA I, SINGH S K, SHARMA M (Horticulture Dep, Lovely Professional Univ, Phagwara-144 411, Email: shailesh.19105@lpu.co.in) : Application of Azotobacter, Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria for potato cultivation in Central Plain Zone (Pb-3) of Punjab. J Environ Biol 2018, 39(6), 985-9.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a fertilizer intensive tuber crop which responds well to bio-fertilizer towards high economic yield. The experiment was conducted to evaluate the economics of biofertilizers like Azotobacter,Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) application for potato cultivation in Central Plain Zone (Pb-3) of Punjab. The recommended dose of N, P₂ O₅ and K₂ O (120:80:80 Kg ha^-1 ) was applied as per treatments. Soil application of VAM (150 Kg ha^-1 ), Azotobacter (150 Kg ha^-1 ), PSB (75 Kg ha^-1 ) and mustard cake (5 qha^-1 ) was done as basal dose. Intercultural practices were carried out as per recommendation and observations were recorded on vegetative growth, leaf area index, harvesting index, yield of tubers, economic attributes and benefit cost ratio. Duncan's New Multiple Range Test was applied for statistical analysis of observations. Among all treatments, T (50 % 8 of RDF + PSB+ Azotobacter+ VAM+ Mustard cake)and T (50 % of RDF + 6 PSB+ VAM + Azotobacter) were reported to promote better survival (98.44 % and 97.91 %, respectively), plant growth (181.31 % and 179.18 %, respectively), Leaf Area Index (7.04 and 7.06, respectively), Harvesting Index (0.828 and 0.775, respectively) and marketable yield (30.63 and 30.21 -1 tonnes ha , respectively). The highest benefit cost ratio (1.585:1) was reported in T followed by T (1.342:1). 6 8 Biofertilizers like PSB, VAM and Azotobacter have capacity to improve resource utilization efficiency so these inputs can be used to reduce consumption of inorganic fertilizers by 50 %, improve economic yield by 17.02 to 86.88 % and double the farm income.

3 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

031108   JOYSOWAL M, SAIKIA B N, DOWARAH R, TAMULY S, KALITA D, CHOUDHURY K B D (Animal Nutrition Dep, Assam Agricultural Univ, Assam, Email: runjundowarah03@gmail.com) : Effect of probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici FT28 on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, health status, meat quality, and intestinal morphology in growing pigs. Vet World 2018, 11(12), 1669-76.

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of swine-origin probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici FT28 on growth, nutrient utilization, health status, meat quality and intestinal morphology in growing female pigs. Pigs (n = 27) were distributed into three groups (3 replicates of 3 each) and supplemented with basal diet either without probiotics (C) or with a probiotic of dairy-based (Lactobacillus acidophilus NCDC-15; TLact) or swine based (P. acidilactici FT28; TPedic). The probiotics were fed as fermented feed at 200 g/pig/day. At the end of the trial, six pigs from each group were selected for metabolism trial and then sacrificed to determine meat quality and intestinal morphology. Supplementation of both probiotics improved growth performance, whereas feed intake, digestibility of CP and N retention were better (p < 0.05) in P. acidilactici FT28-fed group. However , the digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), ether extracts (EE), crude fiber and nitrogen free extract did not show any significant effect on probiotic supplementation. The serum A: G ratio, triglyceride, and cholesterol level were also improved (p < 0.05) in TPedic group compared to other treatment groups. Both probiotic supplementations showed lower (p < 0.05) serum glucose level with similar protein and albumin value, which indicated good utilization of feed as well as health status of growing pigs. Dressing percentage, vital organ weight, and EE of loin meat were higher (p < 0.05) in probiotic-supplemented groups compared to control. However, P. acidilactici FT28-fed animals showed higher (p < 0.05) CP and total ash percentage of meat without affecting pH, water holding capacity, and extract release volume of loin muscle. The villi height and crypt depth were better in both supplemented groups compared to control. Results of the present study revealed that P. acidilactici FT28 could serve as better probiotic source in swine production for the better utilization of CP and N-retention in meat with improved health status and intestinal morphology.

1 illus, 4 tables, 39 ref

031110   KANANUB S, VANLEEUWEN J A, ARUNVIPAS P (Large Animals and Wildlife Clinical Sciences Dep, Kasetsart Univ, Bangkok, Thailand, Email: fvetpia@ku.ac.th) : Association between milk urea nitrogen and first service conception in smallholder dairy farms under heat and humidity stress. Vet World 2018, 11(11), 1604-8.

The study was to evaluate the relationship between the first service conception (FSC) and milk urea nitrogen (MUN) in smallholder dairy farms under heat and humidity stress. Dairy cows from 43 dairy farms giving birth between November 2014 and April 2015 (n = 295) contributed to the study. All cows were sampled monthly to measure milk compositions, and we collected additional farm data from farmers through a questionnaire. The first service during the first 120 days of lactation was the outcome of interest in this study. Multivariable logistic regression determined significant associations with FSC. The overall FSC was 22 % and the mean MUN concentration was 11.55 mg/dl. The final FSC model included MUN concentration, the season of breeding, and protein energy ratio (PE ratio) in the diet. The odds of FSC were reduced by approximately 10 % for each mg/dl higher MUN on the day of the milk sample that was nearest to the artificial insemination (AI) day. The odds of FSC were nearly 3 times higher when the first insemination occurred in winter compared to summer first services. Taking into account the nutritional factors, the odds of FSC were nearly 70 % higher with an increase in PE ratio of 10 g of crude protein/Mcal from the mean of 35.90 g. This study of smallholder dairy farmers in the hot and humid climate of Thailand confirmed that season, nutritional management, and MUN concentration were associated with FSC. MUN appears to be a useful indicator to monitor the effects of diet on reproductive performance from this study.

2 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

031103   HONNAPPA H M, DENESH G R, PATIL L, HAMSA N (Agronomy Dep, UAS, Karnataka) : Studies on drip fertigation under different planting geometry in maize (Zea mays L.). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2018, 7(6), 295-9.

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2014, College of Agriculture, VC Farm, Mandya in red sandy loam soil. The experiment was laid out in RCBD with ten treatments and replicated thrice. The treatments comprised of two paired rows under drip viz., 30/60 and 30/90 cm with two irrigation levels (80 and 100 per cent CPE) along with two fertilizer combinations viz., conventional fertilizer nitrogen (Urea), potassium (MOP) fertigation with water soluble phosphorus (MAP) or soil application of phosphorus (SSP). The results revealed that paired row planting of maize (NAH-1137) at 30/90 cm with irrigation at 80 or 100 per cent CPE and conventional fertilizer nitrogen, potassium fertigation and soil applied or water soluble phosphorus recorded significantly higher growth parameters, yield parameters and kernel (7505 to 7732 kg ha^-1) yield of maize over planting of maize at 45 or 60 cm row spacing with furrow irrigation and conventional fertilizer application. Similarly, the former treatments recorded higher total nutrient uptake at harvest, NUE and WUE and also B:C ratio (2.34 to 2.77). However, paired row planting of maize at 30/60 cm with similar drip fertigation recorded significantly lower values for above parameters.

5 tables, 8 ref

031142   SUPRIYA U L, GANAPATHI, DINESH KUMAR M (Agronomy Dep, Agriculture Coll, Karnataka) : Effect of subsurface fertigation on chemical properties and nutrient status of soil under sugarcane crop cover. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2018, 7(6), 274-7.

An investigation was carried out to study the effect of subsurface fertigation on fertility status of soil under sugarcane crop cover in Arsapura and Yellebethuru villages of Davangere district, Karnataka during 2015-16. The soil pH and soil organic carbon status under subsurface fertigated sugarcane farms decreases with increasing depth. The soil pH status was neutral to alkali in nature and soil organic carbon ranged from low to medium. A soil were non saline and there was less variation in EC values in farms with depth but were higher at surface layer and lower at subsurface layer. The available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soil showed decreasing trend with depth. The available nitrogen was medium, available P₂O₅ and available K₂O₅ ranged from low to medium. The calcium, magnesium and available sulphur in soil increases with depth and were higher at 45-60 cm and 60-75 cm than surface layer under selected subsurface fertigated farms. The exchangeable calcium, magnesium and available sulphur was sufficient.

4 tables, 21 ref

031127   SAB J, NAGARAJA A, PATRO T S S K (Plant Pathology Dep, Agricultural Sciences Univ, Karnataka) : Selection of finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn] blast resistant RILs. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2018, 7(6), 245-50.

The 500 F₅, F₆ and F₇ RILs Derived from the cross between GPU48 x Uduru mallige were screened for neck and finger blast incidence, in F₅, one RIL were moderately resistant to neck blast, whereas in F₆, four RILs were moderately resistant to neck blast and two RILs were moderately resistant to finger blast whereas in F₇ six RILs were moderately resistant to neck blast and four RILs to finger millet blast. ANOVA showed the effects of checks, varieties and checks vs. varieties were all significant. Significant effects suggested that certain lines exhibited differential resistance and probably possess different resistance gene(s). Significant effects of the location suggests, weather conditions were more conducive for blast. There is lower differences in GCV and PCV, lower difference between GCV and PCV suggests narrow influence of environment on neck and finger blast expression. Kurtosis is positive, indicates the existence of gene interactions.

6 tables, 23 ref

031100   GEETANJALI, NARAYANA RAO K, MAHADEVASWAMY (Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Dep, Agricultural Sciences Univ Raichur, Karnataka) : Effect of flyash and organic manures on soil dehydrogenase activity and nutrient uptake of the maize. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2018, 7(6), 216-9.

A field experiment was conducted to study the soil dehydrogenase activity and nutrient uptake by maize as influenced by application of flyash and organic manures during the kharif 2015. The results showed that the soil dehydrogenase activity and nutrient uptake by maize were conspicuously increased with application of flyash with organic manures compare to application of only flyash. The highest activity of soil dehydrogenase activity (11.57 μg TPF h^-1 g ^-1 soil) was observed with treatment receiving flyash @ 15 t ha^-1 + municipal compost @ 15 t ha^-1 along with RDF. Similarly total macro nutrient uptake of N, P₂O₅, K₂O, S were 213.00, 27.91, 269.02, 34.94 kg ha^-1 respectively and micronutrient uptake maximum total uptake of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn (2708.33, 1406.64, 104.95 and 699.29 g ha^-1 respectively) were found in treatment receiving flyash @ 15 t ha^-1 + municipal compost @ 15 t ha^-1 along with RDF compare to other treatment combinations.

4 tables, 13 ref

031133   SINGH A K, PANT S C, SINGH A K (Vegetable Science Dep, VCSG UUHF, Uttarakhand) : Exploitation of panchagavya: A novel approach for the sustainable production of vegetable crops in Pindar valley of Uttarakhand. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2018, 7(6), 199-203.

The greatest challenge facing by the nation in the coming years is to demand safe food for the growing population in the country. Inspired by this, organic farming which leads to improving the health of agroecosystem has gained wide detection as a valid alternative to conventional food products and confirms safe food for human consumption. Therefore, it is necessary to use natural products like panchagavya to produce chemical residue free food crops and hence panchagavya can play a major role in organic farming. The Pindar valley is encompassing an integral part of the Uttarakhand. The main feature of in this region is agricultural farming is carried out mainly on the by coarse, stony, undulating territory and narrow patches of terraced field. Under such circumstances, cultivation of sustainable vegetable production can help for the livelihood of the populace and can provide more employment to the unemployed youth of the valley.

30 ref

031099   GAJJELA S, CHATTERJEE R, SUBBA S, SEN A (Vegetable and Spice Crops Dep, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal) : Prospect of liquid organic manure on organic bitter gourd cultivation. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2018, 7(6), 189-93.

Among the cucurbits bitter gourd has got important nutritional and medicinal properties. It's juice is a remedy for diabetic patients. It is consumed in many ways due to the presence of different cucurbitacins. Traditional organic bitter gourd cultivation involves the use of farmyard manure, vermicompost and poultry manure which do not have required yield potential whereas by foliar spray of liquid organic manures like panchagavya, vermiwash, jeevamrit, humic acid etc has important plant nutrients which are required for their growth and productivity. These liquid organic manures are low cost as they are prepared by the farmers itself on their farm and they are easy to prepare and applied. These liquid manures not only increases yield but also improves quality and post-harvest shelf life of produce and maintains soil health and sustainability in the long run.

37 ref

031090   BHAGAT S B, JADHAO Y S, DAHIPHALE A V (Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Maharashtra) : Effect of different levels of phosphorus on nutrient uptake and quality parameter of fodder cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) varieties under lateritic soil of Konkan region. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2018, 7(6), 183-5.

The field trial entitled “Effect of different levels of phosphorus on performance of fodder cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) varieties under lateritic soil of Konkan region” was carried out during Rabi season of 2016 at the Agronomy farm, College of Agriculture, Dapoli. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. The main plot treatment comprised of three cowpea varieties viz., EC4216, DFC-1 and Shweta while in sub plot, four phosphorus levels viz., 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg P₂O₅ ha^-1 were accommodated. The result revealed that fodder cowpea variety EC-4216 showed better performance in respect of quality parameters viz crude protein content, crude fibre content, crude protein yield and crude fibre yield, Acid detergent fibre, Neutral detergent fibre content, Ash content whereas nitrogen and phosphorus uptake was on higher side compare to rest of varieties during rabi season in lateritic soil of Konkan region with application of 80 kg P₂O₅ ha^-1 to the fodder cowpea.

2 tables, 7 ref

031120   PRADEEP B, SARAVANAN S (Horticulture Dep, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture Technology & Sciences, Uttar Pradesh) : Effect of different biofertilizers and organic manures on yield and quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cv. Chandler. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2018, 7(6), 151-5.

The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design having 12 treatments and three replications of bio-fertilizers and organic manure at different levels. The result revealed that treatment T₁₂ (Phosphobacter 5 kg ha^-1 + Azatobacter 5 kg ha^-1 + FYM 6 ton ha^-1 + Vermicompost 3 ton ha^-1 + Poultry Manure 3 ton ha^-1) was found to be best in terms of highest fruit yield per plant (75.94 g), fruit yield per plot (683.46 gm), fruit yield per hectare (6.83 t). Similarly the highest TSS of fruit (8.54 Brix), Lowest Acidity (0.46 %) and Highest pH of fruit (4.40) was observed in treatment T₁₂ (Phosphobacter 5kg ha^-1 + Azatobacter 5 kg ha^-1 + FYM 6 ton ha^-1 + Vermicompost 3 ton ha^-1 + Poultry Manure 3 ton ha^-1). The Treatment T₁₂ was significant in terms of economical aspects Viz; Maximum gross return (1079250 Rs), net return (696022.95 Rs) and benefit cost ratio (2.77:1) for cultivation of strawberry under Allahabad agro-climatic condition respectively.

1 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

031119   PAVITHRA M, REDDY G P, CHANDRIKA V, UMAMAHESH V (Agronomy Dep, S.V. Agricultural Coll, Tirupati- Andhra Pradesh) : Nitrogen and sulphur nutrition for enhancing the growth and yield of quality protein maize (QPM). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2018, 7(6), 142-4.

A field experiment was conducted during rabi, 2014-15 at S.V. Agricultural College Farm, Tirupati to find out the response of quality protein maize hybrid (HQPM-1) to various N and S levels. The treatments consisted of four nitrogen levels (60, 120, 180, 240 kg N ha^-1) in combination with three sulphur levels (15, 30, 45 kg S ha^-1). The results of the experiment revealed that among the four nitrogen levels, application of 240 kg N ha^-1 recorded the maximum plant height (185.6 cm), leaf area index (2.64), dry matter production (10903 kg ha^-1), grain yield (5101 kg ha^-1) and stover yield (5569 kg ha^-1) followed by 180, 120 and 60 kg N ha^-1. Similarly, application of 45 kg S ha^-1 resulted in significantly more plant height (162.9 cm), leaf area index (1.87), dry matter production (8117 kg ha^-1), grain yield (3679 kg ha^-1) and stover yield (4029 kg ha^-1) followed by lower levels of sulphur. Hence N and S can be applied at the rate of 240 kg ha^-1 and 45 kg ha^-1, respectively to obtain higher yield.

2 tables, 11 ref