001124   KATBA P J, PANDOR B L, GEDIYA L N (Anand Agricultural Univ, Anand, Gujarat) : Genetic association among different characters in tobacco (Nicotiana rustica L.). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(1), 146-8.

Forty genotypes of tobacco (Nicotiana rustica L.) studied for correlations and path analysis during 2012- 13. The estimates of correlation coefficient revealed that cured leaf yield was positively correlated at both genotypic and phenotypic levels with days to flowering, number of leaves per plant, plant height, days to maturity, leaf length and leaf width, while it was negatively correlated with leaf thickness and reducing sugar content. Path analysis based on genotypic correlation showed that number of leaves per plant, plant height and leaf length are important characters that exerted considerable direct effect on cured leaf yield revealing scope for considering these characters in selection programme for bringing out desired improvement in tobacco yield.

2 tables, 13 ref

001147   SHUKLA A K, YADAV J, KUMAR A (Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry Dep, Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh) : Effect of biochar based enriched manures on yield attributes of wheat at varying NPK levels in Indo-Gangetic plains of Eastern Uttar Pradesh. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(1), 138-43.

Biochar as a bulking agent for composting has been proposed as a novel approach to prepare good quality compost due to large surface area and porosity, thus high ion exchange and adsorption capacity. Field experiments were carried out at Agricultural Research Farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) during rabi 2013-14 and 2014-15 to evaluate the effect of biochar based enriched manures on plant growth parameters and yield of wheat at different NPK levels. The experiment was replicated thrice in a factorial randomized block design (FRBD). The results showed that, the application of biochar based enriched manures along with fertilizers significantly increased the number of tillers m^-1 row length, number of grains spike^-1 , test weight (g) and grain yield of wheat. Among the enriched manures levels, application of biochar composted with carpet waste in ratio of 2:1 along with enriched with PGPR consortium gave significantly highest result over the control. Among the levels of recommended dose of fertilizer, application of 100 % RDF (RDF₁₀₀) recorded significantly higher improvement in yield parameters and yield over 50 % RDF (RDF₅₀) and control (RDF₀). The interaction effect of biochar based manures and fertilizer levels (RDF₁₀₀ × BM₆) were also showed a beneficial effect on grain yield of wheat.

2 tables, 36 ref

001150   SINGH S, SINGH S P (Narandra Dev Univ of Agricultural and Technology, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh) : Role of backyard poultry for enhancing socioeconomic status and health of marginal/landless farmers. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(1), 112-3.

Backyard poultry has been practiced long back in the country for obtaining high value protein to poor farmers and removal of hungry, mal-nutrition and poverty among the poor farmers/villagers. District Barabanki PRA survey revealed the meagre low economics and malnutrition of the existing farmers. A on farm trials on backyard poultry at five locations in different villages conducted by KVK scientists has got promising result with 182 large size dark brownish colour eggs weighing about 52.5 gms/bird per year of poultry breed Rhode Island Red as compared with native breed or non-descript fowl. The bird picks up the fallen grains, kitchen waste along with dung pits/water channel insect and their larvae, earthworms. 55 Gms. poultry feed (rice/wheat grains), few amount of chopped onion, berseem and fresh drinking water were provided in the shelter houses made of locally available shade materials.

2 tables, 5 ref

001146   SHARMA S, DHALIWAL Y S, VERMA R (Food Science Dep, Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh) : Nutritional quality evaluation of rice bean flour based papad. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(1), 107-11.

The present investigation was undertaken with aim to assess the development, nutritional quality evaluation and shelf life of papad prepared from different blending proportions of black gram and rice bean flour. The different blending proportions of black gram and rice bean flour was 100:00, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 00:100. The product was analyzed for major nutritional constituents viz. moisture, protein, fat, fiber, ash, carbohydrates, mineral contents and sensory evaluation (on the basis of 9 point hedonic scale). The products were evaluated at the beginning and at interval of three and six months for chemical and sensory evaluation in order to study the storage stability of the product. The moisture content of papad were ranged from 3.25 to 4.63, protein content 22.55 to 17.51, fat content 1.83 to 2.55, fiber content 2.51 to 4.87 and carbohydrates content was ranged from 64.16 to 66.26 per cent, respectively. The overall acceptability of the product was ranged between liked moderately to liked very much.

2 illus, 4 tables, 9 ref

001145   SHARMA S, DHALIWAL Y S, VERMA R (Food Science Dep, Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh) : Nutritional quality evaluation of Rice bean flour based boondi. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(1), 93-7.

Study was conducted on development, nutritional quality evaluation and shelf life of boondi prepared from different blending proportions of bengal gram and rice bean flour. The different blending proportions of bengal gram and rice bean flour was 100:00, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 00:100. The product was analyzed for major nutritional constituents viz. moisture, protein, fat, fiber, ash, carbohydrates, mineral contents and sensory evaluation (on the basis of 9 point hedonic scale). The products were evaluated at the beginning and at interval of three and six months for chemical and sensory evaluation in order to study the storage stability of the product. The moisture content of boondi were ranged from 6.87 to 4.19, protein content 16.36 to 14.58, fat content 26.80 to 27.61, fiber content 1.84 to 2.90 and carbohydrates content was ranged from 51.65 to 51.17 per cent, respectively. The overall acceptability of the product was ranged between liked moderately to liked very much.

2 illus, 4 tables, 7 ref

001119   JAIN A, CHAUDHARY J L, BECK M K, KUMAR K (Soil Water Engineering Dep, IGKV, Raipur, Chhattisgarh) : Developing regression model to forecast the rice yield at Raipur condition. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(1), 72-6.

The present investigation entitled “Developing regression model to forecast the rice yield at Raipur condition.” was carried out during kharif seasons of 2015-16 at Research and Instructional Farm of Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur to examine to validate the results of crop weather relationship of different rice varieties grown under different growing environments. The treatment combinations of three sowing dates (01 June, 15 June, and 30 June) and three varieties Swarna (National check), Mahamaya, MTU-1010 were laid out in a Factorial randomized block design with three replications with one treatment of underdose in Swarna variety 100:60:40. The linear correlation analysis with SPSS-model has been found at tillering stages negative relationship significant at 5 % level for maximum and minimum temperature. In 50 % flowering stages maximum temperature significant at 1 % level and rainfall were significant correlated at 5% level. and dough stages are strongly negative correlated (1 % level) to rainfall.

1 illus, 2 tables, 5 ref

001130   MISHRA S, PANDEY S, KUMAR N, PANDEY V P, MISHRA N (Vegetable Science Dep, Narendra Deva Univ of Agriculture & Technology, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh) : Studies on gene action involved in inheritance of yield and yield attributing traits in kharif season bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) standl.]. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(1), 39-44.

Observations were recorded on parents and F1 for 12 traits viz. days to first male and female flower anthesis, node number to first male and female flower appearance, days to first fruit harvest, vine length (m), number of primary branches per plant, fruit length (cm), fruit circumference (cm), fruit weight (kg), number of fruits and fruit yield per plant (kg). Parent NDBG-744, Pusa Naveen and NDBG-707 for number of fruits and yield per plant, for number of fruits and yield along with earliness parent NDBG-707 and Pusa Naveen, for small fruit NDBG-749-2 and Pusa Naveen, were found good general combiners. Combining abilities coincides with per se performance. Additive and non additive gene action with over mean degree of dominance indicated predominant role of non-additive gene action in the inheritance of most of the traits. Asymmetrical distribution of genes showing dominance with more proportion of dominant gene than recessive one were detected for all the trait’s no major gene group were involved in the inheritance of all the traits studies.

2 tables, 19 ref

001132   MISHRA S, PANDEY S, KUMAR N, PANDEY V P, SINGH T (Vegetable Science Dep, Narendra Deva Univ of Agriculture & Technology, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh) : Studies on the extent of heterosis for the quantitative characters in kharif season bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) standl.]. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(1), 29-38.

Observations were recorded on parents and F1 for 12 traits viz. days to first male and female flower anthesis, node number to first male and female flower appearance, days to first fruit harvest, vine length (m), number of primary branches per plant, fruit length (cm), fruit circumference (cm), fruit weight (kg), number of fruits and fruit yield per plant (kg). Heterosis for fruit yield per plant ranged from -42.02 % to 47.92 % over better parent and -44.85 % to 54.74 % over standard parent Pusa Naveen. Fruit yield, number of fruits per plant, vine length and primary branches per plant observed as top heterotic trait. P7 x P9 (54.74 %), P1 x P7 (47.43 %) and P3 x P7 (46.55 %) were the top heterotic F1 for fruit yield and also possessed high estimates of significant heterosis for number of fruits per plant along with attractive fruit shape.

3 tables, 12 ref

001153   SUDHAKARA N R, SRINIVASA N, KRISHNAMURTHY R (Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Dep, Agricultural Sciences Univ, Banglore, Karnataka) : Available sulphur status of rice growing regions of Mandya district, Karnataka. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(1), 23-8.

A study was conducted with a view to assess the soil available sulphur status of rice growing regions of Mandya district. A total of 119 soil samples were collected manually randomly from 0-15cm depth Hobli wise, (4-5 samples/hobli) from seven taluks of Mandya district. The soil samples were analyzed and it is observed that out of 119 soil samples about 92 samples were found to be sufficient and 27 samples were deficient in available sulphur content. As per the statistical analysis 77.32 % and 22.68 % of the samples of the study area are sufficient and deficient in available sulphur content. The overall results portray that in different taluks of Mandya district, four taluks i.e Mandya, Maddur, S.R. Patna, and Pandavapura have recorded sufficient range of sulphur status, where as in other taluks namely Malvalli, K.R. Pet, and Nagamangala taluks with deficient sulphur status were observed. Nagamangala taluk has least sulphur status among taluks of Mandya district with all five hoblis showing deficiency range of sulphur status: barring Nagamangala taluka, the remaining taluks are sufficient in available sulphur hence an intelligent application of sulphur fertilizers and organic manures are right away recommended.

1 illus, 3 tables, 5 ref

001134   PANDEY S, MISHRA S, KUMAR N, YADAV G C, PANDEY V P (Vegetable Science Dep, Narendra Deva Univ of Agriculture & Technology, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh) : Studies on heterosis, combining ability and gene advance for the quantitative characters in brinjal or Egg plant (Solanum melongena L.). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(1), 19-22.

The analysis of variance for the design of experiment indicated highly significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits. Based on mean performance of genotypes NDB-5 followed by NDB-5 followed by NDB-15, NDB-6, NDB-4, NDB-7 and NDB-16 were found as most promising genotypes for fruit yield per plant. Days to 50 % flowering and plant height exhibited low value of variability. High heritability was estimated for all the traits except yield per plant followed by early yield per plant, fruit weight and yield per plant indicating opportunity for selection response. Yield per plant had exhibited highly significant and positive association with fruits per plant and early yield while primary branches showed negative and significant association with yield per plant. Fruits per plant, fruit weight and plant height were identified as most important traits which has direct effect on yield per plant while negative direct effect on yield showed by fruit circumference followed by plant height and days to 50 % flowering on yield.

3 tables, 28 ref

001131   MISHRA S, PANDEY S, KUMAR N, PANDEY V P, SINGH T (Vegetable Science Dep, Narendra Deva Univ of Agriculture & Technology, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh) : Studies on combining ability and gene action in kharif season bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) standl.]. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(1), 11-8.

Observations were recorded on parents and F1 for 12 traits viz. days to first male and female flower anthesis, node number to first male and female flower appearance, days to first fruit harvest, vine length (m), number of primary branches per plant, fruit length (cm), fruit circumference (cm), fruit weight (kg), number of fruits and fruit yield per plant (kg). Parent NDBG-744, Pusa Naveen and NDBG-707 for number of fruits and yield per plant, for number of fruits and yield along with earliness parent NDBG-707 and Pusa Naveen, for small fruit NDBG-749-2 and Pusa Naveen, were found good general combiners. Combining abilities coincides with per se performance. Additive and non additive gene action with over mean degree of dominance indicated predominant role of non-additive gene action in the inheritance of most of the traits. Asymmetrical distribution of genes showing dominance with more proportion of dominant gene than recessive one were detected for all the trait’s no major gene group were involved in the inheritance of all the traits studies.

2 tables, 32 ref

001136   PRAJAPATI M K, SIMON S, KHAN K Z (Plant Pathology Dep, Sam Higginbottom Univ of Agriculture, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh) : Efficacy of organic amendments against the purple blotch of garlic caused by Alternaria porri (Ellis) Cif. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(1), 8-10.

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is an important crop grown throughout world. The crop attacked by various pathogens, among them fungal pathogen Altenaria porri (Ellis) Cif. causing purple blotch disease of garlic is an important plant pathogen and leading to great loss in yield and quality of crop. In this study the response of different organic manure were tested against purple blotch disease of garlic. Among all the treatments, the minimum disease index was recorded in T₂ poultry manure (26.87 %) followed by T₄ neem cake (33.13 %), T₃ goat manure (33.90 %), T₁ farm yard manure (36.00 %) and T₅ vermi compost (38.67 %) as compare to control T₀ (48.77 %). The maximum plant height was recorded in treatment T₂ poultry manure (58.13 cm), followed by T₄ neem cake (55.93 cm), T₃ goat manure (55.40 cm), T₁ farm yard manure (55.13 cm) while lowest plant height was recorded in T₅ vermi compost (51.71 cm) as compare to control T₀ (46.90 cm). The yield data showed that the maximum yield of garlic was recorded in treatment T₂ poultry manure (54.16 q/ha) followed by T₄ neem cake (44.16 q/ha), T₃ goat manure (42.5 q/ha), farm yard manure (40.00 q/ha) and T₅ vermicompost (26.66 q/ha) as compared with control T₀ (26.42 q/ha). Result of this study revealed that poultry manure can be used in against purple blotch disease and also showed growth promoting activity.

1 illus, 1 table, 7 ref

001118   HANDA S, THAKUR M, THAKUR K S (Environmental Science Dep, Dr. Y S Parmar Univ of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, Himachal Pradesh) : Effect of domestic effluents on tomato crop Solanum lycopersicum (L.) production. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(1), 1-7.

Effect of domestic effluents on tomato crop Solanum lycopersicum (L.) production” was carried out during 2015-2016 in pot experiment in the experimental farm of Department of Environmental Science, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan which is located at an altitude of 1273 m amsl and at latitude of 35.5 °N, longitude of 77.8 °E. The studies were conducted in pot experiment, comprising of 4 treatments viz., T₁ (75 % of domestic effluent), T₂ (50 % of domestic effluent), T₃ (25 % of domestic effluent) and T₄ (control, pond water). The whole set of experiment was carried out in 3 replications in CRD. The analysis of effluent (100 %) indicated pH in the range of 5.92 - 6.84, As content below permissible level, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe and Pb content above permissible level except for pond water, high, Hg content (much above the permissible level) and negligible amount of Ni. Statistically, lowest number of flowers and lowest number of fruits were recorded at treatment T₄ (control, pond water) as compared to domestic effluent. Lowest leaf area was recorded at treatment T₄, respectively. Lowest plant height was recorded in treatment T₄, respectively. The number of branches varied from 2-3. The highest tomato fruit weight and yield was recorded in treatment T₁, respectively. The As, Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb content was below permissible level, whereas, Fe content was above the permissible level for soil and Ni was negligible. Heavy metal contents for tomato leaves and fruits was below the permissible level. The N, P, K values for soil, leaves and fruits of tomato varied, respectively.

3 tables, 52 ref

001142   SAKTHIVEL K, MANIGUNDAN K, GAUTAM R K, SINGH P K, NAKKEERAN S, SHARMA S K (Field Crop Improvement and Protection Div, ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair-744 101, Email: veluars@gmail.com) : Bacillus spp. for suppression of eggplant bacterial wilt pathogen in Andaman Islands: Isolation and characterization. Indian J Exp Biol 2019, 57(2), 131-7.

Bacillus spp. isolated from different soils of Andaman Islands was characterized for antimicrobial potential by different methods. Among 65 strains tested, six Bacillus strains showed best in vitro antagonistic potential against solanaceous bacterial wilt pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. The identity of the Bacillus strains were confirmed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and biolog based phenotypic fingerprinting. The functional analysis revealed that most of the strains were positive for the production of IAA, siderophore and phosphate solubilization. In glass house and field studies, Bacillus amyloliquifaceans strain (Bs_Abi) showed significant biocontrol efficacy (92.1 and 73.7 %, respectively) against brinjal bacterial wilt disease. The antimicrobial potential of Bs_Abi were further ascertained by presence of nine antimicrobial peptide (AMP) gene biosynthesis in PCR amplifications which confirmed the presence of peptide genes for six antibiotics (iturin, bacillomycin D, mycosubtilin, surfactin, bacilysin and subtilin). Our study revealed that the utilization of such antagonistic Bacillus spp. with multi antimicrobial peptide genes and more functional traits from tropical/ extreme soils would play a vital role in management of eggplant bacterial wilt disease and in formulation of new bioinoculants for improving the cropping system in Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

2 illus, 3 tables, 35 ref

001156   YADAV A, SINGH B, SINGH S D (ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi - 110 012, Email: achchheyadav@yahoo.com) : Impact of gamma irradiation on growth, yield and physiological attributes of maize. Indian J Exp Biol 2019, 57(2), 116-22.

Feeding the increasing global population with adequate supply of cereals for food, particularly with limited agricultural area, is a challenging task. In this context, emphasis on enhancing food producing processes gains attention. Gamma irradiation, up to certain doses, is known to improve crop yield without using chemical fertilizers. Among the cereals, maize is an important crop, which accounts for 9 % of total food grain production. Here, we presumed that gamma ray pretreatment to maize seeds would be beneficial and boost the maize productivity and yield. In this study, we conducted field experiments to assess the gamma irradiation induced effect on seedling emergence, plant growth, yield and yield attributes of maize (HQPM-1). Grains of maize were exposed to gamma radiation doses ranging from 0.0025, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 0.50, 1.0 and 2.0 kGy with the help of ⁶⁰Co γ-radiation source facility available in the Centre. The germination of irradiated seeds was assessed in an incubator chamber and the irradiated seeds were sown in the field during kharif (July-October) 2013 and 2014 seasons at the IARI, New Delhi,  research farm. The germination was > 90 % up to 0.1 kGy dose, beyond which, germination of seeds in the incubator as well as in field condition declined significantly. Few seedlings still came out from relatively higher doses of gamma irradiation (> 0.5 kGy). However, these seedlings could not survive more than seven days. Results of present study indicated that plant growth parameters, such as plant height, photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content, leaf area index at ‘tasseling’ as well as at ‘silking’ stage affected positively at lower doses (< 0.2 kGy). The biological yield, grain weight (g) (cob^-1), grains (cob^-1) and 100 grain weights responded positively to the lower doses (≈ 0.1 kGy) of gamma irradiation. Our results indicated improvement in biological yield by 35.2 % at 0.1 kGy as compared to the control (00 kGy). However, maximum reduction (33 %) was recorded at 0.5 kGy. Similarly, grain yield (ton ha^-1) was improved by 8.3 % at 0.1 kGy as compared to the control, but reduced the most by 56.9 % at 0.5 kGy compared to the respective control.

4 tables, 28 ref

001121   JANA B B, KUNDU D, DUTTA D, LAHIRI S, BAG S K, BHAKTA J N (Kalyani Univ, Kalyani - 741 235, Email: bbjana@gmail.com) : Positive synergistic impacts of greenhouse temperature and manure driven total environment on breeding success of Tilapia during winter. Indian J Exp Biol 2019, 57(2), 96-104.

Global warming and climate change are though known for widespread negative impacts, they do have beneficial as well, but are less known. Here, we studied the interactive impacts of greenhouse mediated raised temperature and manure driven decomposition-cum-total environment on reproductive success of cichlid fish tilapia. Fishes were kept in holding tanks (300 L) placed inside and outside the solar heated structure (modular green house) using identical and comparable doses of organic manure in triplicate during the winter. The manure selected were: (a) cattle manure and saw dust; (b) poultry droppings and saw dust; (c) vermicompost and saw dust; (d) mixed manure with cattle manure, poultry droppings, vermicompost and saw dust; isocarbonic states maintained with (e) vermicompost, and (f) with poultry droppings. Equal number of adult male (8) and female (8) tilapia (1:1) were introduced per tank and reared for 90 days. Water and sediment samples were collected weekly and analyzed for different parameters. Net increment of body weight and production of fry per tank were recorded. Survival of fish was about 10 % higher under greenhouse condition compared to ambient air temperature outside. The synergistic effects of manure driven water quality-food resource complex and temperature appeared to be more important than the impact of temperature alone in selecting the treatment that developed the total benign environment and induced tilapia to spawn during winter. The carbon burial rate dependent soil organic carbon had been significantly increased as a consequence of greenhouse effect.

2 illus, 3 tables, 37 ref

001108   BASAVARAJA N, LUN K P B, KATARE M B, PINDER A C (Aquaculture Dep, Animal and Fisheries Sciences Univ, Mangalore - 575 002, Email: basavarajanagappa@yahoo.com) : Hormone induced spawning and embryogenesis of Cauvery carp, Barbodes carnaticus (Jerdon 1849): Implications on commercial culture and conservation. Indian J Exp Biol 2019, 57(2), 86-95.

The Cauvery carp Barbodes carnaticus (syn. Puntius carnaticus), an endemic and threatened species of the Western Ghats, was once commercially important species in the Krishnaraja Sagar reservoir, Mysuru but later became scarce due to exploitation. In this study, we attempted conservation and rehabilitation of this species. We raised wild-caught juveniles of Barbodes carnaticus to gonadal maturity in ponds, where male and female took 2 and 3 years to reach first maturity. The females exhibited a higher gonado-somatic index (GSI) than males. Sexing was accomplished based on morphological characteristics and subsequently the fish was induced to ovulate/spawn with ready-to-inject spawning agents viz. ovatide, ovaprim and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). The order of performance was ovatide >ovaprim >HCG. The ovatide-injected female produced higher relative fecundity (1462 eggs/kg body wt.) than the females administered ovaprim (814 eggs/kg body wt.). The ripe oocytes had a diameter of 0.98 mm, and the water-hardened eggs were of 1.90 mm. The injected fish responded to hormones between15 and 30 h at 25.6-28.5 ºC. The fertilization rates were generally high (50-100 %). However, the hatch rates were low (0-27 %). The quantity of yolk-sac fry obtained was higher in ovatide trial (336 fry/kg body wt.) than the ovaprim trial (293 fry/kg body wt.). The performance of HCG was much lower than that of ovatide and ovaprim. The early development of B. carnaticus from activation of egg to yolk-sac absorption stage was recorded using live eggs, embryos and early fry. Five embryonic steps (blastodisc formation, cleavage, epiboly, organogenesis and blood circulation) and free embryo consisting of five larval steps were identified. Hatching occurred between 37 and 48 h (post-activation), the free embryo period lasting up to 5 days post-hatching. The transition from larva to juvenile occurred in 25 days when the fish were fully scaled and the lateral line organ clearly visible, with a distinct black blotch on caudal peduncle. A few deformed eggs with asymmetrical cleavage and embryos with yolk-sac malformations, spinal cord and tail curvatures were observed. When the fry were reared in manured and fed pond, they showed faster growth, reaching fingerling stage (3.5 g; 7.5 cm) in 50 days, with more than 95 % survival. Spermatozoa motility duration (13-60 s) and percentage (16-63 %) were moderate, while the spermatozoa density and spermatocrit were high.

4 illus, 4 tables, 39 ref

001126   KUMAR K R, SINGH K P, RAJU D V S, BHATIA R, PANWAR S (Horticultural Research Station, Kovvur-534 350, Email: ravikhorti@gmail.com) : Influence of genotypes, growth regulators and basal media on direct differentiation of shoot buds from leaf segments of marigold (Tagetes spp.). Indian J Exp Biol 2019, 57(1), 30-9.

Marigold is a commercially important flower crop popular for its multipurpose use as loose flower, ornamental pot plant, pharmaceutical and industrial crop for lutein pigment extraction. The genus Tagetes is considered as a recalcitrant in terms of in vitro morphogenesis and plant regeneration. In the present study, we propose an efficient protocol for direct differentiation of shoot buds from immature leaf segments of African (Tagetes erecta L.) and French marigold (Tagetes patula L.) genotypes viz., Pusa Basanti Gainda and Pusa Arpita, respectively. We developed this protocol as follows. Leaf segments were collected from in vitro proliferated shoots established in aseptic culture from shoot tips of doubled haploids and dihaploids. Rapid and direct shoot bud induction was observed on enriched MS (EMS) medium supplemented with coconut water, AgNO₃, casein hydrolysate, polyvinylpyrrolidone and glutamine. Among the different treatments, the highest (89.7 %) direct shoot bud induction, bud forming capacity index (BFC) (2.36) and rapid (14 days) organogenesis was observed from leaf segments of French marigold cv. Pusa Arpita cultured on EMS media supplemented with 2.0 mg L^-1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 0.5 mg L^-1 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). African marigold cv. Pusa Basanti Gainda exhibited maximum regeneration (66.6 %), BFC index (2.11) and early (20 days) shoot bud induction on EMS media supplemented with 0.5 mg L^-1 BAP and 0.25 mg L^-1 NAA. In order to improve the regeneration capacity, different maturity groups of distal and proximal leaf ends were cultured on genotype specific medium. Among the different explant groups, immature leaf basal segments exhibited highest BFC index of 4.2 and 2.6 in Pusa Arpita and Pusa Basanti Gainda respectively. All the regenerated shoots were excised, rooted in 0.5 mg L^-1 IBA and transplanted under polyhouse conditions, where they exhibit normal morphological growth similar to mother plant.

2 illus, 4 tables, 32 ref

001137   RAJ A B, RAJ S K (Kerala Agricultural Univ, Thiruvananthapuram - 695 501, Email: sheejakraj70@gmail.com) : Seed priming: An approach towards agricultural sustainability. J Appl Nat Sci 2019, 11(1), 227-34.

Seed priming is controlled hydration of seeds to a level that allow pre-germinative metabolic activity to continue, but interrupt the emergence of the radicle. Seed priming improves seed performance, ensures uniformity and better establishment, enhances the yield in diverse environments, greater tolerance to environmental stress and helps to overcome dormancy. Change in seed water content, cell cycle regulation, modification of seed ultrastructure, management of oxidative stress and reserve mobilization are the major physiological and biochemical changes takes places during seed priming. Priming methods adopted should be simple and affordable for its easy spread and adaptability. Seed priming should be influenced by factors such as light, aeration, temperature, time and seed quality. Different methods of priming are hydropriming, osmopriming, halopriming, solid matrix priming, biopriming and hormonal priming. Seed priming had significant effect on agriculture. It will hasten and synchronize the germination, enhances the plant growth, have better stress resistance, increase the use efficiency of nutrients and water and have better weed suppression effect. The review paper discusses about seed priming, physiological and biochemical changes in seed priming, different methods of seed priming and its role in sustainable agriculture.

64 ref

001152   SREEKANTH M, HAKEM A H, PEER Q J A, RASHID I, FAROOQ F (Agriculture Extension and Communication Div, SKUAST, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, Email: qadrijavid2008@gmail.com) : Adoption of recommended package of practices by rice growers in district Baramulla [Jammu & Kashmir]. J Appl Nat Sci 2019, 11(1), 188-92.

The present study was conducted to measure the adoption levels of rice growers in 3 tehsils of Baramulla district namely Sopore, Bomai and Pattan. Four villages from each tehsil were selected randomly which makes a total of 12 villages and 10 rice growers from each village those were having above half an acre under rice were purposively selected that makes a sample of 120 rice growers for the study. It was found that majority (55.00 %) of the respondents had medium level of adoption. Majority of the respondents had full adoption of recommended rice varieties (55.83 %), sowing time (93.33 %), number of ploughings for puddling (71.66 %) time of application nutrients for nursery (100 %), dosage of nutrients (50.83 %), time of application of FYM (97.50 %) and time of application of weedicide(74.16 %) whereas no adoption regarding seed treatment and dosage for seed treatment (76.66 %) and none of respondents had adopted either disease management practices or pest management practices. The main reasons for non adoption were very poor knowledge about SKUAST-K recommendations (51.66 %), producing only for consumption purpose (36.66 %), poor contacts with officials of agriculture department about acquiring of knowledge regarding rice cultivation (27.50 %) as mentioned by rice growers. The present study was not focused solely on adoption level of rice growers but also on constraints in adoption of recommended package of practices which can be the basis for further studies.

7 tables, 10 ref

001114   DEEPAK S, SREENIVAS A G, KALMATH B, HANCHINAL S G, VENDAN K T, PATIL S S (Agricultural Entomology Dep, Agricultural Coll, Raichur, Karnataka, Email: deepaksihimoge@gmail.com) : Thermo-tolerance characterization and bioassay of selected entomopathogenic fungal (EPF) isolates on larva of Spodoptera litura Fab. J Appl Nat Sci 2019, 11(1), 182-7.

Entomopathogenic fungi viz. Metarizhium anisoplae and Beauveria bassiana are well characterized in respect to pathogenicity to several insects and have been used for biological control of agriculture pests worldwide. Despite their potential, several factors like low resistance to elevated temperature have hindered widespread adoption of fungi as part of biological control regimes. In this study, five isolates of B. bassiana (Bb 01, Bb 02, Bb 03, Bb 04 and Bb 05) and two isolates of M. anisoplae (Ma 01 and Ma 02) were evaluated for thermotolerance capacity and bioefficacy against third instar of Spodoptera litura. Among the isolates studied, Bb 04 recorded the higher temperature tolerance up to 34^oC with mean spore germination of 35.00 percent and mean dry mycelial weight of 443.38 mg. Further, in the bioassay studies, Bb 04 caused significantly (@ P<0.01%) higher percent mortality of S. litura larva at 1×10⁸ spores ml^-1 on fifth day (80.00 %) with LT₅₀ value of 4.08 days and LC₅₀ value of 2.07×10⁴ conidia ml^-1 at five days. Investigation results indicated that BB 04 is a suitable EPF isolate for management of S. litura where higher temperature prevails.  

6 tables, 22 ref

001148   SINGH A K, PANDEY A K (Biological Science Dep, Rani Durgawati Univ, Jabalpur-482 001, Email: drajay2009@gmail.com) : Fungal metabolites as a natural source of herbicide: A novel approach of weed management. J Appl Nat Sci 2019, 11(1), 158-63.

Weeds are undesirable vegetation directly or indirectly inferring with human welfare. Conventional methods of weed control have failed due to one or other reason. Herbicide-resistant weeds are the main problem in weed control due to the number of weed biotypes resistant to herbicides that constantly increases by the continuous use of the same products for years. Development of alternative weed control methods is needed to help decrease reliance on herbicide use. Biological weed control is an alternative option for weed problems, particularly in agriculture and forestry. It is based on the use of natural enemies, particularly insects and pathogens to control weeds, as a sustainable, low cost and more environmentally acceptable method of weed control. One of the approaches to biological weed control using fungal phytotoxin applied in similar ways to conventional herbicides. Fungal phytotoxins are natural secondary metabolites produced by plant pathogenic fungi during host–pathogen interactions. They have received considerable particular attention for elucidating disease etiology, and consequently to design strategies for disease control. Due to wide differences in their chemical structures, these toxic metabolites have different ecological and environmental roles and mechanisms of action. This review aims at summarizing the studies on the possible use of fungal phytotoxin as a lucrative, novel source of secondary phytotoxic herbicidal compounds for management of broad spectrum, noxious and pernicious weeds.

1 table, 47 ref

001116   DIVYALAKSHMI D, KUMARAVELU N, BALAN C, VANAN T T, GNANARAJ P T (Livestock Production Management Dep, Madras Veterinary Coll, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Email: nandhi7121989@gmail.com) : Effect of feeding swill feed supplemeted with chocolate cream waste on backfat thickness and body measurements in fattener weaner pigs. J Appl Nat Sci 2019, 11(1), 155-7.

Pig rearing on concentrate feed may not be economical because of higher market price of raw materials. The alternative source could be the use of swill feeding. Consequently, the impact of the swill feed on the backfat thickness and body measurements calls for investigation against any other alternative feed.  Hence in the present study, an attempt has been made to compare the body measurements and backfat thickness in fattener piglets which were fed with swill feed (T1) vs. Those fed with chocolate cream waste supplemented with swill feed (T2). The statistical analysis of the data obtained in the present study revealed that there was highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) difference between body weight gain and backfat thickness (layer I and II) of both the group of piglets which were taken for trial starting from three months of age till five months of age. However, not significant difference (P ≥ 0.05) was noticed for body length and chest girth except in the pigs of 150 days age group. This study indicates that swill feed supplemented with chocolate cream waste could be used to reduce the feed cost since higher weight gain is achieved in a shorter time interval, increasing body measurements and backfat thickness compared to swill feed (T1) group of piglets.

2 tables, 10 ref

001143   SANGEETHA M, SELVAN N T, SHANMUGAM P S, VENNILA M A (Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Dharmapuri District, Tamil Nadu, Email: sangeetha_cm@yahoo.com) : Productivity enhancement in finger millet through Frontline demonstration in Dharmapuri district of Tamil Nadu, India: A case study. J Appl Nat Sci 2019, 11(1), 130-3.

Frontline demonstration was taken up in farmers’ holdings of Dharmapuri district, Tamil Nadu, India during kharif 2015 to create awareness among the farmers and demonstrate the improved production technologies in finger millet. The integrated crop management practices including cultivation of drought tolerant and short duration finger millet variety ML 365, integrated nutrient management, integrated pest and disease management practices were demonstrated and compared with the existing farmers practice followed in Finger millet cultivation. Results showed that demonstration of finger millet variety ML 365 with integrated crop management practices recorded higher grain yield of 2100 kg/ha and farmers practice recorded lower yield of 1730 kg/ha. Adoption of integrated crop management practices increased the grain yield of finger millet to the tune of 21.7 per cent compared to farmers practice. Farmers earned higher net income of Rs.14244/ha through the demonstration and Rs.10018/ha with farmers practice. Besides, farmers realized higher benefit cost ratio (1.58) through the demonstration compared to farmers practice (1.46). Thus, the frontline demonstration of improved variety with crop management practices increased the grain yield and net income of the farmers growing finger millet under rainfed condition. In the present study, potential of the improved variety and technologies were demonstrated systematically and scientifically in the farmers field along with farmers practice for further adoption by farming community in large scale.

3 tables, 12 ref

001129   MANONMANI V, AMBIKA S, DEEPIKA S, BHASKARAN M (Seed Science and Technology Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore - 641 003, Email: ambikasingaram@gmail.com) : Germination and vigour of polymer coated cotton seeds under different water holding capacities. J Appl Nat Sci 2019, 11(1), 126-9.

The cotton seeds were coated with different polymers namely Genius coat 171, Genius coat 172, Arcus, Myconate and Quick roots  and evaluated for various physiological quali-ty parameters at water holding capacities of 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 per cent  in sand medium along with untreated control seed. The seeds coated with Quick roots polymer recorded higher speed of germination (8.5), germination (88 %), root length (10.35 cm), shoot length (10.80 cm), dry matter production (489.9 mg seedlings^-10) and vigour index (1861), respectively over untreated control (5.5, 68, 9.00, 9.50, 458.6 and 1258, respectively)  under suboptimal moisture condition like 30 per cent water holding capacity. Cotton seeds coated with Quick roots can tolerate both high as well as low moisture content and produce better germination and seedling establishment.

6 illus, 15 ref

001138   RANOT M, SHARMA R (Agriculture Dep, SGTB Khalsa Coll, Sri Anandpur Sahib - 140 118, Email: mamta.ranot@gmail.com) : Study of different isozymes in Pinus gerardiana Wall. J Appl Nat Sci 2019, 11(1), 116 -20.

Pinus gerardiana (Chilgoza) is a small to medium sized evergreen tree yielding a highly valuable edible nut. The present investigations were undertaken to assess the different isozymes in Chilgoza pine. Seven isozymes viz., MDH (Malate dehydrogenase), GDH (Glutamate  dehydrogenase),  SKDH  (Shikimic  acid  dehydrogenase),  6PGDH (6-Phosphogluconate  dehydrogenase),  MNR  (Menadione  reductase),  IDH  (Isocitrate dehydrogenase) and ADH (Alcohol dehdrogenase) were studied. A total of sixteen gene loci  were  recorded  for  seven  enzyme  systems  out  of  which  6  loci  namely  MDH-A, 6PGDH-A,  SKDH-A,  IDH-B,  MNR-B  and  ADH-A  were  polymorphic  whereas  the remaining ten gene loci i.e. MDH-B, MDH-C, MDH-D, GDH-A, 6PGDH-B, SKDH-B, IDH-A, MNR-A, MNR-B and ADH-B showed no variation. The percentage of polymorphic loci and average number of alleles per locus are one of the useful criterions for com-paring species of populations for genetic diversity.

7 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

001122   JANA B R, DAS B, SHARMA R, BHAT B P (Research centre for Makhana, Darbhanga - 846 005, Email: brjana.ars@gmail.com) : Performance of late season litchi cultivars grown in Jharkhand province of India. J Appl Nat Sci 2019, 11(1), 12-6.

The narrow genetic diversity and short market availability of litchi (Litchi chinesis Sonn.) are the main constrains for its cultivation more profitable in Indian sub-continent. Late season litchi cultivars in subtropical and tropical India are prone to fruit cracking and dis-eases susceptibility. Seven promising selections and four late season commercial culti-vars viz; CHES-1, CHES-2, CHES -3, CHL-5.CHL-7, Lal Bombaiya, Late Bedana, Purbi, Selection -3-7, Selection 8-1 and Swarna Roopa were evaluated during 2014-15 at ICAR-RCER Ranchi, based on physico-chemical characters, cracking habit and diseases susceptibility. The results revealed that the cultivars Purbi, Lal Bombaiya and Late Be-dana were cracking resistant. The maximum fruit weight was found in the cultivars Lal Bombaiya (22.0 g) being comparable with Late Bedana (21.2 g) and CHES-2 (21.0 g). The cultivars Lal Bombaiya and CHES –2 had the highest aril weight of 19.44 g and 17.66 g, respectably. The maximum TSS of 22.2 ºB was found in CHES-1 both in Jhar-khand and Bihar. Late Bedana cultivar had high sugar acid ratio (73.52) with pomegran-ate flavor and popular for local market. Litchi fruit borer mainly attacked Lal Bombaiya and CHES-2 at early stage whereas the cultivars Purbi and Swarna Roopa were affected (3-6 % bunch) by litchi stink bug (Tessaratoma javanica) at late harvest season. From the present study, it was concluded that CHES-1, Lal Bombaiya, Purbi and Late Bedana were promising late season cultivars for commercial cultivation with effective management of litchi fruit borer and stink bug.

2 illus, 6 tables, 20 ref

001111   BHARGAV V, KUMAR R, RAO T M, BHARATHI T U, DHANANJAYA M V, VENUGOPALAN R (Floriculture and Medicinal Crops Div, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, Email: bhargavhorti12@gmail.com) : Estimation of heterobeltiosis in F₁ hybrids of China aster [Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees]. J Appl Nat Sci 2019, 11(1), 1-6.

Heterosis over better parents was estimated in thirty crosses of China aster involving six lines viz., Matsumoto Pink, Matsumoto Red, Matsumoto Rose, Matsumoto Yellow, Matsumoto Scarlet and Matsumoto White and five testers viz., Phule Ganesh Violet, Phule Ganesh Purple, IIHRJ3-2, IIHRG13 and Local White during 2016-17 at ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru during 2016-17. Results revealed that the cross L6 × T5 exhibited highest positive significant heterobeltiosis at 5 % level of significance for plant height (33.85), flower stalk length (73.76), number of flowers per plant (101.18), weight of flowers per plant (47.90) and flower yield per hectare (47.91). The cross L1 x T3 exhibited maximum negative heterobeltiosis for days to first flowering (-47.41). L5 x T4 recorded the maximum positive heterobeltiosis (at 5 %) for flower head diameter (26.44) and 100 flower weight (3.41).

4 tables, 12 ref

001117   ENENWA A A, SULEIMAN B, ABOLUDE D S (Biological Sciences Dep, Ahmadu Bello Univ, Zaria, Nigeria) : Biochemical qualities of three imported frozen fish species sold in Zaria, Nigeria. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2019, 7(1), 243-8.

The knowledge of fish and associated biochemical activity, likely to cause spoilage of the fish is paramount; and most of the fishes consumed by Nigerians are imported. Thus, there is a need to investigate the biochemical qualities of imported frozen fishes. This study was aimed to determine the biochemical qualities of three imported frozen fish species sold in Zaria, Nigeria. The biochemical qualities assessment of the fishes was conducted according to the methods of Riquixo (1998), Undeland et al. (2005) and Vyncke (2006). The result in Sardina pilchardus, Trachurus trachurus and Clupea harengus, showed a significant difference. This study revealed that total volatile nitrogen, thiobarbituric acid and peroxide value mean concentrations of 22.87, 1.94 and 4.18, respectively in the three fish species are within the acceptable limit, except trimethylamine amine (12.88) which is not within the acceptable limit. Therefore, the biochemical qualities of imported frozen Clupea harengus, Sardina pilchardus and Trachurus trachurus sold in Zaria is slightly not suitable for human consumption. In conclusion, TVN, TBA, and TMA concentrations in the three fish species are within the acceptable limit of FAO. Therefore, the biochemical qualities of imported frozen C. harengus, S. pilchardus and T. trachurus sold in Zaria are suitable for human consumption. Relevant agencies should ensure strict compliance to recommended biochemical limits of frozen fish imported into Nigeria.

5 tables, 25 ref

001133   MUNIR S, KASEM A, AL-SHAHRIAR (Fisheries Tecnology Dep, Bangladesh Agricultural Univ, Mymensingh, Bangladesh) : Fishing gears and crafts study of Sugandha River. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2019, 7(1), 100-3.

Sugandha river is a beautiful river in Bangladesh. Different types of gears are used in the river to harvest fish species. An investigation was undertaken to know the status of fishing gears and their impacts on fresh water fishes for a period of 11 months from January 2015 to November 2015. The study revealed a total of 11 fishing gears covering 11groups of nets. Results of the study revealed that the ecology of the Sugandha river is in great threat due to excess fishing pressure from illegal, harmful fishing gears. Therefore, Government and relevant Non- Government fisheries agencies can be taken a necessary action through public awareness and education to protect the ecosystem of freshwater fish species and develop a more effective conservation strategy.

6 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

001128   MALGUNDKAR P P, PAWASE A S, TIBILE R M, DEY S S, SHELKE A T (Fisheries Coll (Dr. BS Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth), Ratnagiri, Maharashtra) : Effect of vitamin C on egg hatching and spawn survival of blue gourami, Trichopodus trichopterus (Pallas, 1770). Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2019, 7(1), 72-4.

The of effect of L-ascorbic acid as a source of vitamin C was assessed on the egg hatching performance and spawn survival of blue gourami, Trichopodus trichopterus. The eggs were procured from nests and immersed in L-ascorbic acid at the concentrations of 250 mg L^-1 (T₁), 500 mg L^-1 (T₂), 1000 mg L^-1 (T₃) and 2000 (T₄) mg L^-1 with control (T₀) in the experiment. Egg incubation period was ranged from 18 to 21 h with 100 % hatching rate. The eggs were hatched out after 18 h in the treatment T₃, followed by T₂ (19 h), T₁ and T₀ (20 h) and T₄ (21 h). The maximum survival (97.5 %) of spawn was recorded in T₃ and the minimum in T₄ (62.5 %) after 20 days of spawn rearing. Results showed that a treatment of 1000 mg L^-1 L–ascorbic acid decreased egg incubation time and significantly better (P<0.05) survival of spawn.

1 illus, 15 ref

001127   KURKUTE S L, PAWASE A S, DEY S, PATHAN D I, SAWANT M S, SWAIN S (Fisheries Coll (Dr. BS Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth), Ratnagiri, Maharashtra) : Effect of some minerals on shell hardening of mud crab, Scylla serrata (Forskal, 1775). Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2019, 7(1), 44-7.

Study on optimum requirements of some minerals in shell hardening of mud crab, Scylla serrata was carried out during the present study. Juveniles of live mud crabs in the size range of 73 – 94 mm carapace width and weight range of 110-160 g were stocked in HDPE circular tanks of 125 L capacity. The experiment was carried out in two phases according to the completely randomized design having three replicates for each treatment. At first phase, the pre-moult crabs were subjected to water of various composition and concentrations of minerals such as CaCO₃ and KCl (each @ 500 to 800 mg L^-1 at the interval of 100 mg L^-1) and MgSO₄ (1400 to 1700 mg L^-1). At second phase, the experiment was conducted with increased concentrations of minerals such as CaCO₃ and KCl (each @ 800 to 1100 mg L^-1 at the interval of 100 mg L^-1) and MgSO₄ (1700 to 2000 mg L^-1). The results revealed minimum shell hardening period of 9 ± 0 days and 9 ± 0.58 days in the first and second phase in the water having mineral contents of CaCO₃ and KCl each at 800 mg L^-1 and MgSO₄ at 1700 mg L^-1 respectively.

2 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

001135   PATIL V R, PAWASE A S, PATHAN D I, PAWAR R A, DEY S S, SWAIN S (Fisheries Coll (Dr. BS Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth), Ratnagiri, Maharashtra) : Effect of exogenous carbohydrases on growth and survival of catla fry. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2019, 7(1), 39-43.

Catla, Gebelion catla is one of the most important Indian major carp species that involves supplementary feeding comprising a mixture of rice bran and groundnut oil cake. Since, the plant origin feed sources are not utilized to the fullest extent by the fishes, inclusion of enzymes in fish diets has been proved to be an effective method to improve the feed digestibility. In the present study, some of the exogenous enzymes such as cellulase, hemicellulase and alpha-amylase each at 0.5. 1 and 1.5 % level were incorporated in the diets of catla fry. The experiment was carried out in circular plastic containers of 125 L capacity with twelve treatments and two replicates for a period of 90 days. The catla fry were grown to 35.8 – 47.9 mm in length and 5.53 –4.84 g in weight from the initial length range of 17 – 19 mm and weight range of 0.37 – 0.45 g. Results showed the maximum length, weight gain, specific growth rate and survival in the treatment incorporated with mixture of exogenous enzymes each at 0.5 g 100 g^-1 level in the catla fry diet.

3 tables, 17 ref

001125   KAWSAR M A, ALAM M T, AHAMED S, MOU M H (Aquaculture Dep, Sylhet Agricultural Univ, Sylhet, Bangladesh) : Aqua drugs and antibiotics used in freshwater aquaculture of North Chittagong, Bangladesh. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2019, 7(1), 28-34.

Aquaculture remains a growing, vibrant and important food production sector. Chemicals and drugs are widely used to increase aquaculture production in Bangladesh. A study was carried out to assess the aqua drugs and antibiotics used in aquaculture activities in north Chittagong of Bangladesh. Data were collected through questionnaire interview, personal contact, market survey and participatory rural appraisal like focus group discussion with fish hatchery owners, nursery and culture farmers, and retailers of aqua medicine and representatives of different pharmaceuticals companies. Major aquaculture species in experimental areas were combination of carps, tilapia and catfish (57 %). Approximately 80 stakeholders were used to collect data from the selected upazilla of Chittagong and Cox’s bazar district. Six categories of aqua drugs and chemicals were found to be used by fish farmers for water quality management, disinfectants, disease treatment, antibiotics and growth promoter. Most commonly used chemicals in this area including Geotox, Acmes Zeolite, Zeofresh, Lime, Zeo prime, Hunter, Vita plankton for the pond preparation and water quality management. 60 % farmer use only lime while 22 % use commercial zeolite and lime during pond preparation. Bleaching 14 %, Potassium permanganate 40 %, and 38 % farmer use different commercial disinfectant for the treatment of disease. Bio-ox, Oxylife, Oxymax, and Oxymore are the available chemicals for increasing oxygen concentration in the pond. Renamycin, Otetra-vet 20%, Erisen-vet, Cotrim-Vet, AT-vet, Sulprim-vet and Sulfatrim were widely used antibiotics in this area. The study shows that lack of knowledge regarding use of chemicals, appropriate dose, method of application and indiscriminate use of antibiotics. This research finding will help to fish farming community to know the appropriate dose and administration methods for safe and sustainable aquaculture practices.

8 illus, 10 tables, 18 ref

001141   SAH U, MUKHIYA Y, WAGLE S K (Regional Agricultural Research Station, Sunsari, Nepal) : Comparative growth performance of monosex and mixed sex Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2019, 7(1), 25-7.

Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is a popular culture fish due to its economic importance. The basic problem of aquaculture however, is that a mixed sex, freely breeding Tilapia population reach sexual maturity early and start reproducing in grow-out ponds before they reach a marketable size, reducing the yield and value at harvest. Therefore, commercial production of Tilapia often relies on monosex culture of males. Growth evaluation of monosex and mixed sex is often required to convince farmers that the monosex culture is superior with respect to growth, yield and environmental concerns. Comparative growth experiment of mixed sex and MT hormone induced monosex Tilapia was conducted at RARS, Tarahara during August 2016 to January 2017 for a period of 150 days. Tilapia fry of monosex and mixed sex (mean weight 3.45 ± 0.35 g) was stocked in respective triplicate hapas (3x2x1 m³ each) established in an earthen pond (0.2 ha). The stocking density maintained was 50 fish/m² for the first 90 days and later stocking density reduced to 10 fish/m². The stocked fish were fed with a pelleted ration containing 27% crude protein. The feeding rate was adjusted according the size of fish, 5 % at the beginning to 3 % at harvest. Water temperature (17-33 ºC), dissolved oxygen (3.9-9.0 mg/L) and pH (7.2- 8.6) all were within favorable range for fish culture. The growth of monosex Tilapia was significantly higher (p 0.9). The present findings indicated that monosex Tilapia had high growth rate with better shape and size over the mixed sex Tilapia.

2 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

001144   SHAFIULLAH M, SIDDIQUE M A B, RAHMAN M S, MAHALDER B, ALI A, RAHMATULLAH S M (Fisheries Management Dep, Bangladesh Agricultural Univ, Mymensingh, Bangladesh) : Effect of different stocking ratios on the production and survival of indigenous carps and pangas (Pangasius hypophthalmus) in a pond system. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2019, 7(1), 19-24.

The experiment was conducted to find out the appropriate combination of indigenous carps and Thai pangas (Pangasius hypophthalmus) for polyculture in respect to growth, survival and production in different farmers ponds under semi intensive rearing system. There were three treatments (T1, T2 and T3) each with four replications. The average size of the ponds varied from 0.8 acre to 1.0 acre with an average depth of water 1.2 m to 1.5 m. Four species were selected for the experiment and stocked the density of 100/decimal with different ratio of carps and pangas. Among the carps only three Indian major carps viz. rohu (Labeo rohita), catla (Catla catla) and mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) were selected. The initial stocking weight of rohu, catla, mrigal and pangas was 3.14, 4.20, 3.60 and 6.73 g, respectively. The stocking ratio of rohu, catla, mrigal and pangas were 35:17.5:17.5:30, 30:15:15:40 and 25:12.5:12.5:50 in three treatments. Supplemental feed containing 27.96 % crude protein was provided only for pangas at the rate of 8% of their body weight. Feed was supplied in the form of dough twice a day and no feeding tray was used. The average final weight gain of pangas in all treatments was higher than any other species. The average highest final weight gain of pangas (340.10 g) was recorded in T2 and lowest in T3 (318.19 g). On the other hand, average highest final weight gain of rohu, catla, and mrigal were found in T1 (250.28, 324.19 and 290.70 g) and lowest in T3 (200.37, 271.59 and 226.53 g). The mean survival rate of pangas varied from 93.36 % to 95.17 % and for carps 89.00 % to 91.07 %. The significantly highest total production of fishes was 2627.48 kg/acre/3 months recorded in T1 which was followed by T2 (2553.77 kg/acre/3 months) and T3 (2448.41 kg/acre/3 months) respectively. The FCR values were 1.23, 1.26 and 1.20 for the T1, T2 and T3, respectively. After the economic analysis it has been found the higher net return was (96,337.75 TK/acre/3 months) obtained in T1. So it can be concluded that species T1 (rohu: catla: mrigal: pangas = 35:17.5:17.5:30) is the best species combination for carp and pangas polyculture.

5 tables, 35 ref

001107   AMBIKA K, KUMARI V, NAIK R, AKSHATHA M V, KHALID (Horticulture Dep, Agricultural Sciences Univ, Karnataka) : Integrated nutrient management on growth, yield and quality of Crossandra (Crossandra undulaefolia Salisb.) hybrid Arka Ambara. Int J Chem Sci 2019, 3(1), 38-40.

Studies were conducted to investigate the effect of integrated nutrient management on growth, yield and quality of Crossandra (Crossandra undulaefolia Salisb.) hybrid Arka Ambara. The study carried out at the Department of Horticulture, GKVK, UAS, and Bengaluru. Results recorded at 150 days after imposition of the treatments, the application of 100 per cent recommended dose of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium + Azotobacter + PSB + KSB had significantly improved the growth, flowering and yield attributes. There was a significant increase in plant height (50.07 cm), number of branches (16.20) and plant spread (2111 cm² ) and it was on par with 75 per cent RDF + Azotobacter + PSB + KSB (plant height 48.07 cm, number of branches 15.50 and plant spread 2108 cm² ).Similarly in reference to flower and yield traits, the first spike initiation occurred as early as 85.03 days, the first flower harvest (93.03), number of flowers per spikes(28.96) and flower yield per ha (3.78 t) recorded were found to be significantly higher and it was found on par with 75 per cent RDF + Azotobacter + PSB + KSB (first spike initiation 89.33 days, first flower harvest (97.33 days), number of flowers per spikes (30.67) and flower yield per ha (4.15 t).The soil analysis showed significantly increased levels of available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content as recorded at the end of experiment. It was also observed that beneficial microbial population of bacteria, fungi and Actinomyces were higher at the end of experiment.

4 tables, 5 ref

001106   ABAH K O, ITODO J I, UBAH S A, SHETTIMA I (Theriogenology Dep, Abuja Univ, Nigeria, Email: kennethabah34@yahoo.com) : Reproductive performance of pigs raised by intensive management system in Abuja, Nigeria. Vet World 2019, 12(2), 305-8.

Population growth led to an increase in the number of people raising pigs, resulting in increased demand for piglets/pigs for breeding and pork for consumption. This study was carried out to determine the reproductive performance of pigs raised by the intensive management system in Abuja, Nigeria, with a view to assist farmers in ensuring improved productivity and profitability. Using an interview-based questionnaire, data from 121 sows and 649 preweaning piglets were collected in 12 herds, from September 2017 to March 2018. Measures of reproductive and production performance assessed in this study were interfarrowing interval (IFI), number of liveborn piglets (NLB), preweaning piglet mortality (PPM), age at weaning (AAW), weaning to service interval (WSI), age at first farrowing (AFF), number of piglets weaned per litter (NPWL), and number of piglets weaned per sow per year (NPWPY). The results obtained in this study were IFI 6.2 ± 0.84 months, NLB 7.2 ± 1.11, PPM 31 %, AAW 40.2 ± 3.12 days, NPWL 5.3 ± 0.73, WSI 39.4 ± 4.59 days, AFF 9.1 ± 0.60 months, and NPWPY 8.1 ± 1.21. The identified causes of PPM were maternal overlay 31.34 %, splay leg/hypoglycemia 22.39 %, cannibalism 20.40 %, starvation 14.93 %, and unknown cause 10.94 %. The result showed that the reproductive performance of the sow (especially, NPWPY and PPM) needs to be improved on. There is a need to promote extension and herd health services by veterinarians and livestock personnel to potential and existing farmers in the area. This is more so because organized pig production in the studied area is relatively new and more people are establishing pig farms in the studied area.

2 tables, 21 ref

027305   MANJUNATH B L, PARAMESH V, MAHAJAN G R, REDDY K V, DAS B, SINGH N P (ICAR- Central Coastal Agricultural Research Institute, Goa- 403 402, Email: parameshagron@gmail.com) : A five years study on the selection of rice based cropping systems in Goa, for west coast region of India. J Environ Biol 2018, 39(3), 393-9.

Field experiments were conducted for five years during 2010-11 to 2014-15 to select productive and profitable rice based cropping systems for West coast region of India at ICAR-Central Coastal Agricultural Research Institute, Goa. Cropping systems viz. rice-cowpea, rice-groundnut, rice-brinjal and rice-sweet corn were tested for their production potential, economic feasibility, nutrient balance and energy budgeting along with rice-fallow as control. The data indicated significantly higher rice equivalent yield (23.5 t ha^-1) with rice-sweet corn followed by rice-brinjal (14.1 t ha^-1) as compared to a predominant rice-fallow system of the region (5.50 t ha^-1). Higher potential usable residue was also found higher with rice- sweet corn system (36.9 t ha^-1). Results of the energy ratio (46.5), specific energy (0.65 MJ kg^-1) and energy productivity (1.52 kg MJ^-1) indicate that the rice-sweet corn is most energy efficient system among all the evaluated systems. Although, rice-brinjal system depicted higher onfarm employment potential (217 man days ha^-1 year^-1) with an increase of 317 % over monocropping, while the economic analysis indicted higher net return (`. 95350) and benefit cost ratio (2.57) in rice-sweet corn system. The nutrient balance were positive for N and P, while in all the cropping systems the K balance was found negative. The rice-sweet corn system was found to be the most productive, economical and energy efficient cropping system for the West coast region of India under protective irrigated conditions.

6 tables, 31 ref

027304   PHOUGAT D, PANWAR I S, PUNIA M S, SETHI S K (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hissar-125 004, Email: divyaphougat786@gmail.com) : Microsatellite markers based characterization in advance breeding lines and cultivars of bread wheat. J Environ Biol 2018, 39(3), 339-46.

Studying genetic diversity is useful for wheat breeding and production of more efficient wheat cultivars under changing climatic conditions. Forty-four diverse bread wheat genotypes were assessed for genetic diversity study using 70 microsatellite (SSRs) markers covering all three genomes. Genomic DNA of 44 genotypes was extracted using CTAB method and quality was checked by UV spectrophotometer and agarose gel electrophoresis. PCR amplification reaction was carried out and amplified products were resolved by horizontal electrophoresis. Bands were scored and matrix was used to calculate the similarity genetic distance. Phenotypic data was subjected to Euclidean cluster analysis for estimation of genetic divergence and grouping of genotypes into clusters. A total of 181 alleles were detected and the number of alleles per locus ranged from 1-5 with an average of 2.6 alleles per locus. The overall size of PCR products amplified ranged from 100-475 bp. Significant differences in al­lelic diversity among various microsatellite loci were seen. The SSR primers, xgwm 428, xbarc 1165, wmc 477, psp 3071, xcfa 2129, xgwm 18, xgwm 234 and xbarc 359 amplified single allele, while the primers xgwm 46, xgwm 334 and wmc 517 amplified five alleles. The similarity coefficients among all the genotypes ranged from 0.62 to 0.81. The cluster tree analysis based on UPGMA following the software NTSYS PC led to grouping of 44 genotypes in different clusters in such a way that the genotypes within each cluster had higher similarity than between clusters. The study ascertained that microsatellite markers can be exploited as a new generation tool in studying the polymorphism and genetic diversity among cultivars and further, selection of parental combinations for initiating breeding programs.

3 illus, 2 tables, 29 ref

027303   MURKUTE A A, GAWANDE S J (ICAR- Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research, Rajgurunagar- 410 505, Email: ashutoshmurkute@gmail.com) : Production of virus free planting material through meristem culture in short day garlic cultivars Bhima Omkar and Bhima Purple. J Environ Biol 2018, 39(3), 286-90.

Low productivity of garlic in India has been attributed to viral infestation of planting material. In vitro techniques offer a suitable alternative; hence, standardization of protocol to raise virus free planting material through meristem culture In vitro and its multiplication was planned. Response of different cytokinins viz. BAP, Kin (1 and 1.5 mgl^-1) in combination with NAA (0.1, 0.5 mgl^-1) on basal MS medium was evaluated for inducing multiple shooting through meristem tip (0.1 – 0.3 mm) In vitro two garlic cultivars viz. Bhima Purple and Bhima Omkar. Higher sucrose (6 to 11 %) along with cytokinins was evaluated for microbulbils induction. Viral load was tested at different stages using potyvirus specific alkaline phosphatase based direct antigen coating ELISA kit. In vitro raised microbulbils were transferred to three production cycles to get normal size garlic bulb. MS + 1 mgl^-1 Kin + 0.1 mgl^-1 NAA medium was the best performing medium for induction of multiple shooting in both the cultivars. About 70 % mericlones were free from viruses in both the cultivars. Liquid medium MS + 1 mgl^-1 Kin + 6 % sucrose produced the highest number of microbulbils than other treatments. Normal garlic bulbs (9-12 cloves/bulb) were produced in field from In vitro raised microbulbils after two cycles of production in polyhouse followed by field transplanting. In vitro meristem culture is an efficient method for producing virus free planting material of garlic. Protocol for production of higher number of microbulbils In vitro has also been standardized. Using standardized protocol a normal size garlic bulb can be produced in three production cycles.

4 tables, 19 ref

027302   RAGHAVENDRA P, HITTALMANI S (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, Agricultural Sciences Univ, Bangalore- 560 065, Email: raghavendra9078@gmail.com) : Novel male sterile line development through marker-assisted backcross breeding suitable for aerobic planting in rice. J Environ Biol 2018, 39(3), 277-85.

Availability of suitable hybrids for drought or cultivation under aerobic situation is scarce in rice. Therefore, there is a dire need for developing of potential male sterile line for the production of promising hybrids. In this way, present study conducted was development of male sterile line suitable for aerobic rice hybrids in limited generations with the use of marker assisted backcrossing. The present study was conducted using strategy of marker assisted background selection for the development of new malesterile line in rice.Amale sterile line KCMS31Awas used as a donor parent for male sterility and a promising genotype MAS99 (early maturing and suitable for aerobic condition) as a recurrent parent. Backcrossing was carried out from 2013 to 2014. Phenotypic foreground selection was carried out in each generation by pollen fertility test. Based on parental polymorphism survey, 96 polymorphic SSR markers were identified and utilised for the marker assisted background selection in BC₃ F₁ generation. Further, BC₄ F₁ plants were evaluated for morphological characters. Analysis of data showed that all the plants were totally male sterile and the plants coded as BC₃ F₁ -5-7 (96.88 %), BC₃ F₁ -5-10 (96.88 %), BC₃ F₁ -5-15 (96.88 %) and BC₃ F₁ -5-17 (95.83 %) were found to be recovered maximum recurrent parent genome and they were advanced to BC₄ F₁. Evaluation of new BC₄ F₁ male sterile line pertaining to morphological traits revealed that the trait means were on par with the original fertile counterpart MAS 99 B line. The results confirmed the supremacy of marker assisted selection in backcross breeding aimed at the recovery of recurrent parent genome as quickly as possible and this is the first effort made by authors to develop male sterile line fit to utilise in hybrid rice programme under aerobic condition.

5 illus, 3 tables, 36 ref

027301   HAMED E S (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Dep, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt) : Effect of biofertilization on Siwa Oasis mint (Mentha spicata L. cv. Siwa) plants. J Med Plants Stud 2018, 6(3), 24-33.

This field experiment was conducted during the two successive seasons of 2016 and 2017 under Siwa Oasis conditions to investigate the effect of using active dry yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) biofertilizer on productivity improvement of Siwa Oasis mint (Mentha spicata L. cv. Siwa) plants. The experiment layout was a split plot design. The main plots included two application methods of active dry yeast as a foliar spray and as a soil drench whereas, the sub-plots comprised of using four concentrations of active dry yeast :- 0, 2, 4 and 6 g / liter. The interaction within the tested treatments showed that, foliar spray method with the highest concentration of 6 g/liter significantly recorded the maximum increments in fresh and dry weights of herb per square meter or per feddan as well highest essential oil yield with maximum carvone content.

2 illus, 9 tables, 32 ref

027300   SURESH V, SENTHINATHAN R (Spice and Plantation Crops Dep, Horticultural Coll and Research Institute, Periyakulam, Tamil Nadu) : Integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of Thuduvalai (Solanum trilobatum L.). J Med Plants Stud 2018, 6(3), 1-3.

A field experiment was conducted at Annamalai University on Integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of thuduvalai. Randomized Block Design with three replication was adopted in thuduvalai and the inorganic sources viz., nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium. The organic sources i.e. Farmyard manure, vermicompost, coirpith compost and neem cake, Panchagavya and biofertilizers. The results showed application of 50 % NPK (50:30:20 kg ha^-1 ) + VC (2.5 t ha^-1 ) + BF @ 2 kg ha^-1 + PG @ 3 % foliar spray to Thuduvalai had significant effect on growth and yield.

1 illus, 2 tables, 6 ref

027299   PAL S, SINGH A K, PAL A K, SISODIA A, TIWARI A (Horticulture Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi - 221 005, Email: sumitpal4725@gmail.com) : Studies of genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance in balsam (Impatiens balsamina L.). J Appl Nat Sci 2018, 10(2), 810 - 2.

A field experiment was carried out with 34 genotypes of Balsam (Impatiens balsamina L.) to assess the variability, heritability and genetic advance with an objective to identify superior genotypes for further crop improvement programme. The experiment was conducted during rainy season 2014 at the Horticulture Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. These genotypes show significant variation at 5 % level of significance for different characters under study. Highest range of variation was reported with the number of flowers/plant (109-221). The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) was maximum for seed yield/plant, i.e. 29.02 and 26.34 while, minimum in case of length of leaf, i.e. 8.35 and 6.48, respectively. High heritability was observed for all the characters except plant height, width of leaves and duration of flowering. Maximum heritability was recorded for duration of flowering (90.68 %) and minimum was observed in width of leaf (30.04). High heritability (h² = 90.64) with high genetic advance (GA= 71.36) as percentage of mean was observed for number of flowers/plant, which indicated that additive gene effects were more important for that trait. High genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for number of flowers/plant (71.36) however, lowest for floral bud diameter (0.11) which indicates the preponderance of additive genes and selection will be effective for improvement of these traits.

1 table, 15 ref

027298   BARMAN U, CHOUDHURY R D, TALUKDAR N, DEKA P, KALITA I, RAHMAN N (Gauhati Univ, Guwahati - 781 014 (Assam), Email: utpalbelsor@gmail.com) : Predication of soil pH using HSI colour image processing and regression over Guwahati, Assam, India. J Appl Nat Sci 2018, 10(2), 805 - 9.

Soil is known to be the most valuable natural source for all agriculture fields. Soil has two properties, namely- physical and chemical. These properties include soil moisture, texture, etc. and the latter include pH value. Soil texture plays an important role in crop cultivation. The physical properties of soil such as texture and granular size determine the water and nutrient holding capacity. Also the chemical property like pH value is very important for plant growth and development. Soil having pH value between 5.5 and 7 is optimal for agricultural purpose. Hence, a detailed study of soil pH property is necessary for cultivation. But laboratory method of soil pH calculation is a very costly and tedious process. Therefore, it is essential to develop an expert-based system that will overcome this issue. However, the system must be able to give correct result and should match with those conducted in laboratory. Farmers analyze pH either in lab or by soil pH card based on soil image color. But this is not an effective method since it relies heavily on human perception. Hence, we have developed an expert based system which can determine the pH of the soil without any human error. For this, we have conducted our experiments with the help of MatLab tool and smart phone as we have concerned about the rural farmers. We have analyzed and compared the proposed system results with the traditional laboratory methods with regression and have found 86 % accuracy in our model.

9 illus, 4 tables, 6 ref

027297   NAGAR S S, KUMAR P, VISHWAKARMA S R, SINGH G, TYAGI B S (ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal - 132 001 (Haryana), Email: pradeeptaliyan231@gmail.com) : Assessment of genetic variability and character association for grain yield and its component traits in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). J Appl Nat Sci 2018, 10(2), 797 - 804.

A study was conducted for estimating genetic variability and characters association for eleven yield components using 169 genotypes (13 parents, 78 F₁ and 78 F₂) of bread wheat through half-diallel mating design during rabi season 2012-13 and 2013-14. The genetic variability, heritability in broad sense, genetic advance, correlation coefficients and path analysis were carried out for the assessment of genotypes through eleven yield component traits namely; days to 50 % flowering, days to maturity, plant height, spike length, number of effective tillers per plant, number of grains per spikelet, number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, biological yield per plant, harvest index and grain yield per plant. Analysis of variance showed significant differences (at 1 % level of significance) for all the traits under study in both the generations (F₁ and F₂). The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) were high for plant height followed by number of effective tillers per plant, biological yield per plant, grain yield per plant, while high heritability coupled with high genetic advance were recorded for plant height and spike length in both F₁ and F₂ generations, respectively. Grain yield per plant was positively and significantly associated with number of effective tillers per plant, spike length, number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, biological yield per plant and harvest index while significantly but negatively associated with plant height. Path analysis revealed that the traits namely biological yield per plant, number of effective tillers per plant, number of grains per spike, plant height and harvest index exhibited positive direct effects on grain yield at both phenotypic and genotypic level in both generation (F₁ and F₂). These results, thereby suggests that yield improvement in breads wheats could be possible by emphasizing these traits while making selections in early generations.

5 tables, 21 ref

027296   SINGH A, NANDAL D P, PUNIA S S, MALIK P (Agronomy Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar - 125 004 (Haryana), Email: ajayyadavhau@gmail.com) : Integrated weed management in direct seeded rice in trans Indo-Gangetic plains of India- A review. J Appl Nat Sci 2018, 10(2), 779 - 90.

In the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) of India, rice (Oryza sativa L.) is taken by conventional tilled puddled transplanted (CT-PTR) method. CT-PTR requires a lot of water (2000-2500 mm) which comes mainly from groundwater. Due to declining water table and changing climate, the sustainability of CT-PTR rice is under immense pressure. The alternative to CT-PTR could be direct seeded rice (DSR) which requires less water, labor, initial cost and energy than CT-PTR. But direct seeded rice is heavily infested with weeds which cause severe loss to the grain yield. Thus, the success of aerobic rice depends on effective and timely weed control. As a single weed control method may not be successful on a long term basis, weed problem in direct seeded rice needs to be solved by integrated approach. Integrating cultural, mechanical and chemical methods along with highly competitive cultivars with effective allelopathic properties, effective weed management on long term sustainable basis can be achieved.

1 illus, 3 tables, 115 ref

027295   PATIL C, KOUJALAGI D (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, G. B. Pant Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263 153 (Uttarakhand), Email: Koujalagi.deepak@gmail.com) : Genetic variability study in F₂ population of tetraploid dicoccum wheat crosses. J Appl Nat Sci 2018, 10(2), 773 - 8.

The aim of the present investigation was to estimate the genetic variability parameters in Wheat (Triticum dicoccum) F₂ population of the cross DDK1025 X ML-1. The traits involved in study were grain yield, threshability, rachis percent and other yield contributing traits such as tiller number, number of grains per spike, number of spikelet’s per spike, etc. and the genetic variability parameters estimated are mean, range, Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), Genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), heritability and genetic advance over mean. The results obtained from the study reveals higher mean and wider range for all the traits especially for plant height, tiller number, spikelets per spike, number of grains per spikelet, spike length, grain yield per plant, threshability and rachis. High degree of PCV with moderate GCV was observed for the traits like number of tiller per plant (20.96 PCV and 15.96 GCV), number of grains per spike (21.92 PCV and 18.79 GCV), rachis % (22.5 PCV and 19.10 GCV) and grain yield per plant (20.07 PCV and 18.10) . Heritability and genetic advance was recorded to high for all the traits in both the populations. On the basis of an overall consideration of the genetic variability parameters it may be concluded that F₂ population of the cross, DDK-1025 x ML-1 have the potential source for improving the yield and its associated traits and also offering some scope in altering the plant height.

3 tables, 26 ref

027294   KUMAR R, TOMAR G S, KUMAWAT N, MORYA J (Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Jhabua – 457 661 (M.P.), Email: kumawatandy@gmail.com) : Performance of blackgram (Phaseolus mungo L.) cultivars as influenced by row spacings and molybdenum. J Appl Nat Sci 2018, 10(2), 753 - 8.

A field trial was conducted to assess the performance of blackgram cultivars to row spacings and molybdenum doses at the Instructional-cum-Research Farm, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalya, Raipur (Chhattisgarh), under rainfed conditions during kharif season of 2011. The treatments comprised of three varieties viz., Indra urd-1, RU-03-16 and RU-03-52; two row spacings viz., 30 x 10 cm and 45 x 10 cm and three treatments of molybdenum viz., control, 4 g/kg seed and 4 g/kg seed + two spray of urea @ 2 %. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design (FRBD) with three replications. Results revealed that all the growth and yield attibutes such as number of branches/plant, number of leaves/plant, seeds/plant, seed yield (781 kg/ha), biological yield (2736 kg/ha) and harvest index (29.71 %) noticed significantly higher under cultivar Indra urd-1. Similarly, maximum production efficiency (9.52 kg/ha/day), economic efficiency (Rs. 218.82/ha/day) and gross returns (Rs. 32,335/ha) were also recorded in Indra urd-1 as compared to rest of the cultivars. Further results showed that all the growth and yield attributes viz., number of branches/plant, number of leaves/plant, seeds/plant, seed yield (778 kg/ha), biological yield (2653 kg/ha) and harvest index (29.10 %) recorded significantly higher in row spacing of 30 x 10 cm as compared to 45 x 10 cm. Maximum production efficiency (9.49 kg/ha/day), economic efficiency (Rs. 216.44/ha/day) and gross returns (Rs. 32,107/ha) were also recorded in 30 x 10 cm. Application of molybdenum @ 4 g/kg seed along with 2 % urea spray twice gave highest seed yield (810 kg/ ha), biological yield (2698 kg/ha) and harvest index (29.25 %) over control and seed treatment with molybdenum @ 4 g/kg. Similarly, application of molybdenum + 2 % urea spray twice gave maximum production efficiency (9.88 kg/ha/day), economic efficiency (Rs. 226.49/ha/day) and gross returns (Rs. 33,293/ha).

3 tables, 21 ref