014880   Rajkumar P;Sreenarayanan V V (Department of Agricultural Processing, College of Agricultural Engineering, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Universit, Coimbatore-641 003) : Dehydration and pre-treatment level to control browning and storage of onion flakes. J Fd Sci Technol 2001, 38(6), 625-8.

Dehydration of white and red colour onion varieties was carried out in cross flow drier at different temperatures viz., 50°C, 60°C and 70°C with different sulphitation levels as pre-treatment viz., 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.4% in order to control the discolouration and to produce value-added products with increased shelf life. The time required for dehydration was comparatively leser for the sulphited than control samples of white onion at all the selected temperatures. From the biochemical analyses of the dehydrated flakes, it was observed that the ascorbic acid retention was comparatively higher at 50%C with 0.4% sulphitation and the non-enzymatic browning was significantly less at 60°C with 0.3% sulphitation. From the organoleptic studies, it was also observed that the onion flakes dehydrated at 60°C with 0.3% sulphitation level scored the maximum points. A progressive increase in moisture content and decrease in ascorbic acid were observed during storage.

^ssc4 tables, 11 ref

014879   Rajendran S;Maria Joany R;Apparao B V; Palaniswamy N (Corrosion Study Centre, Department of Chemistry, G.T.N. Arts College, Dindigul-624 005) : Synergistic effect of calcium gluconate and Zn<. Trans SAEST 2000, 35(3-4), 113-17.

As an alternative to the chromate containing corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in cooling water systems, the synergistic effect of calcium gluconate (CG) and Zn²⁺ on the inhibition of corrosion of mild steel in neutral aqueous environment containing 60 ppm Cl^- ion, a situation commonly encountered in cooling water systems, has been evaluated by the weight-loss method. The formulation consiting of 50 ppm Zn²⁺ and 200 ppm CG has 92% inhibition efficiency. A suitable mechanism of corrosion inhibition is proposed, based on the results obtained from the uv-visible absorption spectra and FTIR spectra. The protective film is found to be fluorescent and to consist of Fe²⁺ - gluconate complex, Zn(OH)2 and Ca(OH)2.

4 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

014878   Pradeshi I L;Arora S;Sehgal V K (Department of Processing and Agricultural Structures, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004) : Drying rates of fully exposed peas. J Fd Sci Technol 2001, 38(6), 603-06.

Study was conducted to understand the drying behaviour of peas with high levels of moisture content. Three varieties of peas viz., `Pb-87' `Pb-88' and `Matar Ageta-6' were dried in a series of drying experiments in thin-layer within the temperature and relative humidity range of 55 to 75°C and 24 to 40%, respectively. Each sample was pre-treated before drying. The automatic weighing system was used to note the loss in weight of drying sample to minimize the errors, which otherwise would have been caused by interruptions. A drying air temperature of 60°C and drying time of 345 min were found to be most suitable for drying the variety `Pb-87'. Thin-layer drying rates of peas were determined as a function of drying air temperature. The data were fit to several thin-layer drying models. The drying air temperature had a significant effect on drying rate. Page's equation with drying constants as a function of drying air temperature provided the best fit to the data.

4 illus, 4 tables, 5 ref

014877   Prabhu G;Solaiyan C;Chandrasekaran R; Pattabiraman R (NO, Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi-630 006) : Design and operation of a standard 3 cm<. Trans SAEST 2000, 35(3-4), 145-9.

Single molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) with an effective area of 3 cm³ was designed and operated at 923 K. The cell was operated for 500 h using a standard gas compositions. Pre-sintered Ni-Cr (10 wt.%), insitu lithiated nickel oxide and an un-sintered tape of lithium aluminate were used anode, cathode and electrolyte retention matrix respectively. The gas chamber and electrode holders were made up of SS 316. Perforated Ni and SS were used as the current collectors for the anode and cathode respectively. The electrolyte employed was a eutectic mixture of lithium and potassium carbonate (62:38 mol.%), which is normally in a molten state at the cell operating temperature of H2 + CO2 (80:20) as fuel and O2 + CO2 (67:33) as an oxidant. The performances of the single cell at various temperatures with different gas compositions were studied. Various parameters influencing the performance of the single cell MCFC are discussed.

5 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

014876   Pokharkar S M (NO, College of Agriculture, Dhule-424 001) : Kinetic model for osmotic dehydration of green peas prior to air drying. J Fd Sci Technol 2001, 38(6), 557-60.

Green peas were osmotically dehydrated in sodium chloride-water solutions at three concentrations (5, 10 and 17% sodium chloride by weight) and three temperatures (20, 30 and 40°C). Movement of salt and water was modelled for water loss from and salt uptake by the green peas. Green peas were dipped in 10% sodium chloride-water solution at 30°C for 30 min and air dried in a fluidized bed dryer. Colour, texture, flavour and overall acceptability scores indicated that the dehydrated produt was organoleptically acceptable.

4 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

014875   Phadnis S V;Satpati A K;Sundaresan R I; Totlani M K (Materials Processing Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, , Mumbai-400 085) : EIS of rolled and heat-treated SS 304 in 3.5% NaCl solution. Trans SAEST 2000, 35(3-4), 133-6.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is one of the few methods to characterize the passive films on metals and alloys `in-situ' and in a nondestructive manner. Comparision has been made on the corrosion behaviour of SS 304 in the rolled (about 50% cold work) and solution quenched condition in deareated 3.5% NaCl solution using EIS technique has been done . The impedance spectra were obtained on samples employing a sinusoidal signal of 5 mV over a frequency range of 10,000 Hz to 0.01 Hz. The measurements were taken at the open circuit potential as well as anodic bias away from the OCP up to 250 mV at an interval of 50 mV. It is seen that the polarization resistance (Rp) is little less in the rolled sample but the capacitance value is considerably low. With the anodic polarization there is a gradual decrease in the value of Rp, but an abrupt fall is observed at 100 mV anodic polarization with respect to the OCP in both rolled and heat treated samples. Microscopic examination of the surface after anodic bias at 250 mV has shown that the heat-treated sample has circular pits, while the rolled sample has circular as well as elongated pits. The ac impedance studies have been supported by the dc polarization characterization of SS 304 both in the rolled and heat-treated conditions.

3 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

014874   Pendharkar M B (Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai-400 085) : Process development for production of pure apple juice in natural colour of choice. J Fd Sci Technol 2001, 38(6), 587-92.

In an experimental set up, a juicer procured from local market was modified in order that the inert atmosphere inside it was maintained and nitrogen gas was flushed during the process of juice extraction. For thermal inactivation of polyphenol oxidase, the temperature of the apple juice, just after its release from tissue could be instantly raised in shortest possible time to 80-85°C, followed by quick cooling to room temperature by circulating the juice through a helical coli of stainless steel tubing which would pass first through a hot water bath, then through a cold water bath under stipulated conditions. The process and equipment used are described. Using this equipment, apple juice could be obtained in three shades brown, slight pink and in natural shade with bright but light yellow tinge. The yield by this process was about 500 ml juice and 150 g dry apple powder per kg apple. The apple juice thus prepared was stable at room temperature. The juice could be easily stored for six months at 0-4°C. The organoleptic qualities of the three varieties of apple juice stored for three months at 0-4°C, were evaluated on a 9-point Hedonic scale. The three varieties were adjudged as good/very good with respect to various characteristics tested.

4 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

014873   Pattan N;Yenagi N B;Naik R K (Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Rural Home Science, Dharwad-580 005) : Standardisation and nutritional quality of traditional ready-to-eat (RTE) madeli from bread wheat. Karnataka J agric Sci 2001, 14(1), 135-9.

Madeli, a wheat based traditional ready-to-eat sweet product was standardised for traditional method of preparation and intgredients used. Madeli of raw wheat and bengalgram dhal in 80.20 proportion and addition of jaggery in 40.60 proportion to raw Madeli mix was best accepted. Madeli of bread wheat provided 6.69g protein 4.26g fat 2.10g ash and 1.09g ash and 1.09g crudefibre per 100g sample. In vitro protein and starch digestibilities were 86.30 per cent and 54.31 mg/100mg of sample respectively.

1 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref

014872   Pandian N S;Sridharan A;Rajasekhar C (Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012) : Heavy metal retention behaviour of fly ashes. Indian Geotech J 2001, 31(3), 309-21.

Effective waste management requires protection of ground water resources against potential contamination from the leachates generated by land disposed wastes. In general, waste disposal facilities are lined with impermeable barriers to protect against the migration of leachates into the natural water bodies. Fly ash, a waste material arising out of combustion of coal, has been examined as a pre-filter material to improve the retention characteristics of low cation exchange capacity soils and to retain contaminant cations. Two fly ashes were examined as pre-filter materials, the results indicate that the retention of heavy metal ions by fly ash depends upon the type of fly ash pH of the ionic solution, ion concentration duration of reaction time, etc.

8 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

014871   Musleh Uddin;Ahmad M ;Tanaka M;Kamal M (Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Fisheries, Konan, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan) : Bacteriological changes of Indian shad (Tenualosa ilisha) during ice storage. J Fd Sci Technol 2001, 38(6), 639-42.

Quantitative aspect of bacterial flora from muscle, gills and intestinal contents of Indian Shad (Tenuolosa ilisha) was evaluated during ice storage in insulated polystyrene and wooden boxes. The intial total bacterial count in the muscle of the fish stored in insulated boxes was 3.5 x 10⁴ cfu/g and it increased to 1.8 x 10⁹ cfu/g after 18 days when the fish became organoleptically unfit for consumption. The intestinal contents contained the highest load of bacteria, followed by gills. The bacterial flora of the fishes stored in wooden boxes showed comparatively high initial count of 4.4 x 10⁶, 1.8 x 10⁷ and 4.9 x 10⁷ cfu/g for muscle, gills and intestinal contents, respectively. The bacterial flora of the different parts of the fish kept in ice wooden boxes increased rapidly during storage for 8 days bacterial load exceeding those fishes stored in insulated boxes for 18 days. Initially, coryneform group was found predominant in both types of storage followed by Micrococcus, Achromobacter, and Aeromonas. No Enterobacter was found in muscle and gills initially. Absence of Pseudomonas was also observed.

^ssc1 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

014870   Mohan Rao M;Raghavendran N S;Narasimhan K C (NO, Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi-630 006) : Preparation of sodium perborate by electrochemical method. Trans SAEST 2000, 35(3-4), 97-100.

Anodic electro-synthesis of sodium perborate at a smooth platinum anode was studied by varying the anode current density, temprature and addition agents and their composition. The optimum parameters for the electrolysis are reported. The crystallization and stabilization of perborate crystals were also studied.

1 illus, 3 tables, 17 ref

014869   Modi V K;Narasimha Rao D;Mahendrakar N S (Department of Meat, Fish and Poultry Technology, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore-570 013) : Improvement of textural quality of layer chicken muscles by calcium chloride and lactic acid. J Fd Sci Technol 2001, 38(6), 561-4.

Influence of the solution of 0.15 M CaCl2, 0.15 M lactic acid or their mixture (1:1) on tenderization of layer chicken muscles was studied using dip-treatment. The breast and thigh muscles from the left half of the carcass were dipped in solutions (1:1) for 65 h at the temperature of 2-4°C and the muscles from the right half of the carcass were held at 2-4°C (controls). The changes in water content, water holding capacity (WHC), pH and Instron firmness were measured in both treated and the untreated muscles. Absorption of chemical solutions resulted in an increase in water content and WHC of muscles. The CaCl2 treatment decreased the muscle pH by 0.3 units whereas the treatment with lactic acid or the mixture of CaCl2 and lactic and decreased the muscle pH by 1.5 units. Breast muscles registered 20.2, 38.3 and 42.4% and thigh muscles 21.4, 35.2 and 44.0% lower Instron firmness values when treated with the solutions of 0.15 M CaCl2 0.15 M lactic acid or their mixture (1:1) respectively than the untreated (control) counterparts. The tenderizing effect of mixture of solutions was more pronounced than the effect of two solutions individually.

3 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

014868   Mishra A P;Khare M;Gautam S K (Inorganic Research Laboratories, Dr. H.S. Gour University, Sagar, M.P.) : Precipitate based selective ion sensitive membrane electrodes for dipositive cobalt and copper. Trans SAEST 2000, 35(3-4), 101-04.

Co(II)/Cu(II) ion selective electrode (ISE) based on benzilsulfanilamide-Co(II)/Cu(II) complex an electroactive material has been described. The response time of the Co(II) and Cu(II) electrodes are 40 and 45 seconds respectively. The Co(II) electrode showed a linear response in the concentration range 10^-1M to 10⁴M, while for Cu(II) electrode, the lienar response concentration range is 10^-1M to 10^-5M. The working pH range if 0 to 8.0 for Co(II)-electrode and 3.0 to 7.0 for cu(II)-electrode. The selectivity coefficients have been measured by mixed solution method.

6 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

014867   Mazumdar S;Ray S K (R&D Centre for Iron and Steel, Steel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL), Ranchi) : Solidifiction control in continuous casting of steel. Sadhana 2001, 26(1-2), 179-98.

Integrated understanding of heat transfer during solidification, friction/lubrication at solid-liquid interface, high temperature properties of the solidifying shell etc. is necessary to control the continuous casting process. Elaborates upon the knowledge developed in the areas of initial shell formation, mode of mould oscillation, and lubrication mechanism. The effect of these issues on the caster productivity and the quality of the product has been discussed. The influence of steel chemistry on solidification dynamics, particularly with respect to mode of solidification and its consequence on strength and ductility of the solidifying shell, has been dealt with the detail. The application of these basic principles for casting of stainless steel slabs and processing to obtain good quality products have been covered.

16 illus, 22 ref

014866   Krishnaveni A;Manimegalai G;Saravanakumar R (Faculty of Home Science, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai-625 104) : Storage stability of jack fruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) RTS beverage. J Fd Sci Technol 2001, 38(6), 601-02.

Ready-to-serve (RTS) beverage was prepared from two varieties of jack fruits with 10% pulp, 18° B TSS and 0.25% acidity (citric acid) and packed in coloured (green) and colourless bottles and stored at room temperatures to study the storage stability. The storage study showed that there was an increasing trend in the acidity and reducing sugar and decreasing trend in pH, total sugar, ascorbic acid and β-carotene content, but TSS did not change during storage. Retention of ascorbic acid and β-carotene contents were much better in the samples stored in green coloured bottles. The sensory quality attributes were found to be highly acceptable even after storing for 6 months at room temperature.

2 tables, 9 ref

014865   Kornienko V L;Kolyagin G A (NO, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Siberian Branch of the, Krasnoyarsk, Russia) : Indirect electrochemical oxidation of brown coal on gas-diffusion electrodes in aqueous electrolyte. Trans SAEST 1999, 34(1), 32-3.

2 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

014864   Kawar R K;Patil P S (Thin Films Laboratory, Department of Physics, Shivaji University, Kolhapur-416 004) : Spray pyrolyzed iridium oxide thin films. Trans SAEST 2000, 35(3-4), 123-6.

Iridium oxide (IrOx) thin films were deposited by using spray pyrolysis technique onto the morphous glass substrates kept at 523 and 673 K. The deposited films were anealed at 773 K in air for 1 hour. Optical and electrical properties of IrOx thin films were determined and results are reported.

6 illus, 18 ref

014863   Gujral Hardeep Singh;Jasprit Kaur (Department of Food Science and Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143 005) : Effect of wheat flour and extruded wheat flour on the quality of tortillas and tortilla chips. J Fd Sci Technol 2001, 38(6), 571-6.

Effect of replacing instant masa flour with wheat flour and extruded wheat flour on the quality of tortillas and tortilla chips was studied. Revealed that the addition of wheat flour and extruded wheat flour improved the rollability and flexibility scores of tortillas but at higher levels (30 and 40%) of addition extruded wheat flour gave a sticky masa dough. Incorporating fat in the instant masa dough also improved the rollability and flexibility scores of tortillas. Coarse instant masa flour is more suited for the preparation of tortilla chips and incorporating 10% wheat flour in the masa dough improved the texture of the tortilla chips.

8 illus, 6 tables, 16 ref

014862   Gujral H S;Narpinder Singh (Department of Food Science and Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143 005) : Relationship between parboiling, degree of milling ash distribution and conductivity in rice. J Fd Sci Technol 2001, 38(6), 629-31.

Three Indian rice cultivars varying in length to breadth ratio were parboiled and evaluated for their milling characteristics. The raw and parboiled rice samples were milled for 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 sec in the McGill No. 2 rice miller and tested for degree of milling, ash distribution pattern and conductivity. parboiled rice samples from all the three rice cultivars showed a lower degree of milling as compared to raw rice for the same milling duration. Parboiling led to a significant increase in the ash content and conductivity values in all the three rice cultivars. A strong relationship between degree of milling and conductivity existed and the R² values (0.93-0.99) indicated that degree of milling could be predicted using conductivity.

^ssc3 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

014861   Grewal H K;Hira C K (Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Home Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004) : Effects of processing and cooking on the amino acid composition of wheat. J Fd Sci Technol 2001, 38(6), 632-4.

Wheat grains were processed into whole wheat flour, pearled wheat flour, refined flour, semolina and broken wheat. Common cooked products were prepared from the processed samples and analysed for total proteins, sulphur amino acids, lysine and tryptophan. Processing of wheat into different fractions resulted in significant losses in protein and amino acid contents. The losses were maximum in lysine and minimum in methionine contents. Cooking of various processed samples further resulted in amino acid destruction with maximum losses for lysine and tryptophan. Based on the amino acid score for lysine, whole wheat chapati was nutritionally better, followed by porridge and bread. Lowest value for lysine was found in pearled wheat poori, which was closely followed by whole wheat poori and semolina halwa.

^ssc2 tables, 20 ref

014860   Eleyinmi A F;Oloyo R A (Department of Crop Production, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704 Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria) : Pilot scale brewing trials using formulated blends of selected local vegetables as hop substitute. J Fd Sci Technol 2001, 38(6), 609-11.

Suitability of two blends of Utazi (Gongronema latifolium), Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) and Bitter cola (Garcinia kola) in ratios 1:6:2.3 (THS 1) and 0:1:2 (THS 2) as replacements for commercial hops in sorghum lager brewing was investigated. Proportions of vegetables in both blends were obtained through linear programming. Both blends were analysed for fat, tannin, essential oil, total resin and alpha acid contents and then tested on pilot scale brewing trials alongside commercial hops that served as control. Beer samples produced were analysed for their chemical composition, colour, clarify, head foam (formation and retention), bitterness and flavour. The blends of vegetables tested had similar chemical composition and organoleptic properties as those commercial hops, and offer replacement potentials for the latter in sorghum-based larger beer brewing. However, the use of the vegetable blends will require an efficient filtration system for production of beer of acceptable clarity.

3 tables, 21 ref

014859   Deka B C;Sethi V;Rajendra Prasad;Batra P K (Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012) : Application of mixtures methodology for beverages from mixed fruit juice/pulp. J Fd Sci Technol 2001, 38(6), 615-18.

Experiment was conducted to study the feasibility of blending of fruit juice/pulp of lime, aonla, grape, pineapple and mango in different proportions (5 to 95%) for preparation and standardization of ready to serve (RTS) beverages. The prepared RTS beverages were organoleptically evaluated adopting 9 joint Hedonic scale. Among the different recipes tried for RTS beverages, LA-95 (lime 95% + Aonla 5%) recipe was found to be the best based on overall sensory score. The data generated were also analyzed in three different age groups (22-34 years, 35-44 years and 45-55 years) and response surface model was used to observe the variation in the liking of these beverages. The younger respondents (22-34 years) liked mango-pineapple and grape-pineapple blends, while the senior respondents (45-55 years) liked lime-aonla and mango-grape blends. It was found that the scores for overall sensory quality were higher for the mango-pineapple and grape-pineapple blends and lower for lime-aonla and mango-grape blends. The model developed through this study might help in future for predictiing the economically feasible blending ratio of fruit juices/pulp for the beverages on a commercial scale.

^ssc6 tables, 11 ref

014858   Das P;Sarma S K (Department of Agricultural Engineering, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-785 013) : Dry of ginger using solar cabinet dryer. J Fd Sci Technol 2001, 38(6), 619-21.

Considering the multiple advantages of dried dorms of ginger and based on the meteorological data available for the region for last several years, an attempt was made to dry ginger in solar cabinet dryer so that a part of the huge amount of surplus ginger can be saved from post harvest losses and thus farmers can be benefited. From the study, the solar cabinet dryer was found to be practically useful for drying roughly peeled longitudinally split forms of ginger rhizomes to safe moisture level (less than 10% moisture) within 4-6 days (15.8-27.3 BSSH). Depending upon the variety, after drying in solar cabinet dryer, there was 0.1% to 0.23% decrease of oleoresin in the roughly peeled, split rhizomes in comparison to the same present in the fresh rhizome just after harvest.

^ssc1 illus, 3 tables, 5 ref

014857   Chigare P S;Patil P S (Thin Films Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Shivaji University, Kolhapur-416 004) : Physical and electrochromic properties of sprayed tin oxide thin films. Trans SAEST 2000, 35(3-4), 127-31.

Thin films of SnO2 have been prepared onto soda lime and FTO coated glass substrates kept at 573 and 673 K by spray pyrolysis technique. The structural measurements suggest that SnO2 films prepared above 573 K, are polycrystalline with strong reflection along 110 plane. The electrical resistivity and thermo-emf were studied in the temperature range of 300-550 K. The electrochromic properties of SnO2 thin films prepared at 573 K and 673 K were studied. The optical and transmission of coloured and bleached films and as deposited films were studied in the visible range 350-850 nm. The transmittance was found to be modulated from 90% to 27% after coloration at 633 nm. The colouration efficiency was calculated to be 5 and 10 cm²C for S573 and S673 samples respectively.

7 illus, 25 ref

014856   Chandran M;Lakshmana Sharma R;Krishnan R M (NO, Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi-630 006) : Performance of zinc bromide electroplating bath. Trans SAEST 2000, 35(1), 33-5.

Zinc electrodeposits offer protection to iron and steel against corrosion. The protection offered not only because of envelope effect but also largely due to anodic behaviour of zinc in any electrochemical reaction. Chloride and many other non-reported the electrodeposition of zinc from bromide-based electrolytes.

^ssc4 tables, 11 ref

014855   Bhavani T;Sarma P N;Krishna D (Analytical Division, IICT, Taranaka, Hyderabad-500 007) : Correlations among physico-chemical properties of effluents of various chemical process industries. Pollut Res 2001, 20(1), 17-24.

Very good correlations were observed among the physico-chemical properties like ph, conductivity (COND), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) for the effluents of various chemical process industries and IICT (Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad) processes. These correlations are very helpful in knowing the associations among the physico-chemical properties of effluents. Also, good prediction equations have been developed for predicting COD in terms of pH, COD and TDS.

3 illus, 4 tables, 5 ref

014854   Ashtamkar S M;Thakkar N V (Inorganic Chemistry Division, The Institute of Science, 15, Madame Cama Road, Mumbai-400 032) : Preparation and study of selenium(IV) ion selective electrode using 1,8-diaminonaphthalene. Trans SAEST 2000, 35(3-4), 107-11.

Preparation, working and utility of selenium(IV) ion selective electrode based on a epoxy resin membrane containing a plasticizer and impregnated with 1,8-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) are described. Of the various plasticizers tried, the electrodes with dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and diethyl phthalate (DEP) as plasticizers show stable and linear potential response in the working range of 10^-1 M to 10^-5 M of Se(IV) with slopes of 32 mV and 34 mV respectively, per decade change in concentration. The potential response remains constant in the pH range 4.0-10.0. As the electrode with DEP gave somewhat better slope value as compared to the one with DBP, further work was carried out with the former. Various experimental parameters such as membrane composition, concentration of activating solution, time of activation, response time, etc were optimised. The selectivity coefficients determined for several metal ions indicate fairly good selectivity for selenium over other ions studied. The precision and accuracy of this method have been determined. The usefulness of the selenium selective electrode has been demonstrated by determination of selenium in various pharmaceutical products and sea water.

2 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

014853   Amarnath;Singh M M;Namboodhiri T K G (NO, Branch Small Industries Service Institute, Ministry of Industry, Gove, Industrial Estate) : Corrosion of API X-52 grade line pipe steel in sodium chloride media. Trans SAEST 2000, 35(3-4), 85-90.

Corrosion of API X-52 grade line pipe steel was studied in sodium chloride solutions of different concentrations in static and dynamic conditions. The corrosion rates observed, using weight loss method, in dynamic conditions were found to be significantly higher than that in the static conditions. The changes in corrosion rates observed with variations in concentration of NaCl, temperature and velocity of rotation were explained in terms of the corresponding variations in the conductance of the solution, solubility of oxygen in the test solution and the rate of diffusion of oxygen 3.5% NaCl solution was found to be the most corrosive in all the experimental conditions.

8 illus, 4 tables, 15 ref

014852   Innapharma, Inc. (NO, , 75, Montebello Road, Montebello Park, Suffern, New York 10901, USA) : Method of making substituted tetrapeptides or salt thereof. 0000, (NULL), (NULL).

013908   Sun Pharmaceuticals Industries Ltd (NO, , ACME Plaza, Andheri-Kurla Road, Andheri (E), Mumbai-400 059) : Process for the preparation of iopamidol in a pharmaceutically acceptable form. 0000, (NULL), (NULL).

013907   Sulphur Mills Ltd (NO, , 303/304, T.V. Estate, S.K. Ahire Marg, Worli, Mumbai-400 025) : Improved process of manufacturing/fungicide composition in the dry flowable form. 0000, (NULL), (NULL).

013906   Rallis India Ltd (NO, , Rallis House, 21 D.S. Marg, Mumbai-400 001) : Process for the preparation of an insecticidal composition of pyrethroid fenvalerate and organophosphorus acephate. 0000, (NULL), (NULL).

013905   Mitsu Industries Limited (NO, , 304/2, G.I.D.C., Vapi-396 195, Gujarat) : Process of preparation of unsubstituted or substituted aromatic alcohols from aromatic aldehydes in liquid phase. 0000, (NULL), (NULL).

013904   M/s Kopran Ltd (NO, , Mehra Industrial Estate, M. Vasanji Road, Sakinaka, Mumbai-400 072) : Improved process for the synthesis of 5-[2-ethoxy-5-(4-methylpiperazin-1-ylsulphonyl) phenyl]-1-methyl-3-N-propyl-1, 6-dihydro-7H-pyrazolo-[4,3-D] pyrimidin-7-one [sildenafil]. 0000, (NULL), (NULL).

013903   M/s Cipla Ltd (NO, , Mumbai Central, Mumbai-400 008) : Improved process for the manufacture of carvedilol. 0000, (NULL), (NULL).

013902   Laboratorios Del Dr. Esteve SA (NO, , Avenida Mare De Deu De Montserrat, 221, 08041, Barcelona, Spain) : Process for the preparation of a stable oral pharmaceutical preparation of an acid labile benzimidazole compound. 0000, (NULL), (NULL).

013901   Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay (NO, , Powai, Mumbai-400 076) : Process for preparation of granulated non-living biomass of the fungus rhizopus species for sorption of toxic trace and heavy metals and organic chemicals from effluents. 0000, (NULL), (NULL).

013900   Hindustan Lever Limited (NO, , 165/166 Backbay Reclamation, Mumbai-400 020) : Improved process for producing tea concentrate. 0000, (NULL), (NULL).

013899   Hindustan Lever Limited (NO, , Hindustan Lever House, 165/166 Backbay Reclamation, Mumbai-400 020) : Method of producing a food product comprising antifreeze polypeptides. 0000, (NULL), (NULL).

013898   Hindustan Antibiotic Limited (NO, , Pimpri, Pune-411 018) : Simple method to prepare water soluble derivative of hamycin. 0000, (NULL), (NULL).

013897   Hindustan Antibiotic Limited (NO, , Pimpri, Pune-411 018) : Process of preparation of water soluble derivative of Aureofungin. 0000, (NULL), (NULL).

013896   Gharda Chemicals Limited (NO, , MIDC, B-27/29, Phase I, Dombivli (East)-421 203) : Improved process for the manufacture of 0,0-diethyl-0-quinoxalinyl-(2)-thiophsophate. 0000, (NULL), (NULL).

013895   Daftary G V (NO, , SIRO Research Foundation Road No. 27, Wagle Estate, Thane-400 604) : Process for preparation of sterile cisplatin oil in water emulsion with reduced toxicity suitable for parenteral administration. 0000, (NULL), (NULL).

013894   Cheema H S (NO, , Sugar Factory Road, Bazpur, Nainital-262 401) : Device for moulding bricks and tiles. 0000, (NULL), (NULL).

013893   Bayer Corporation (NO, , 100 Bayer Road, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15205, USA) : Process for preparing 4-amino-1,2,4-triazolin-5-ones. 0000, (NULL), (NULL).

013892   Asta Medica AG (NO, , Der Pikardie 10, 01277 Dresden, Germany) : Process for the preparation of crystalline thioctic acid. 0000, (NULL), (NULL).

013891   Patel P M;Siripurapu S C B;Shah B P (NO, Agricultural product process Engineering Unit, GAU, Anand Campus, Anand-388 110) : Drying, packaging and storage of papads. Agric Engng Today 2000, 24(6), 22-31.

Papads are made from various blends and ingredients of pulses, cereals like rice and wheat fruits like jack fruit and potato and with or without addition of spices. papads are to be dried to an optimum moisture content so as to avoid mould growth during storage and at the same time, they should be pliable but not brittle. In general, papads are stored and consumed either after frying or roasting. Packaging of papads protect them against climatic changes. Studies on physical characteristics like size, shape and thickness as well as chemical characteristics of raw papads like m.c., pH, total ash, acid insoluble ash, alkalinity of ash etc. are important from the view point of quality standards specially whe export market is picking up. Raw papads are normaly deep fat fried before consumption. Sensory evaluation of a foodn product is important from the point of view of deciding its acceptability and further improvements in sensory attributes of the product.

14 Ref

013890   Mobin M;Malik A U (Department of Applied Chemistry, Z.H. College of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202 002) : Hot corrosion reactions involving transition metal carbide-containing substrates. Chem envir Res 1999, 8(1-2), 85-97.

Results of the studies concerning with high temperature (900-1200K) interaction of transition metal carbide with Na2SO4 and NaCl have been presented. Thermogravimetric studies, involving measurement of weight change as a function of time and mole fraction of Na2SO4 or Na Cl in the reaction mixture, are carried out. The weight change with time has been interpreted in terms of evolution of gases and formation of solid reaction products. The reaction products have been identified by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) and microstructural studies. In Na2SO4-carbide system, formation of sodium metal oxide, metal oxide and/or metal sulfide is shown depending upon oxygen activity around the reactant system. The morphological study of the reaction production in NaCl-carbide system indicates the presence of a multiphases structure in which one or more of the constituents viz, metal oxide, metal chloride, metal carbide or sodium metal oxide form a separate phase. The mechanism of reaction has been proposed on the basis of information available from previously carried out metal oxide-salt solubility studies and application of high temperature phase stability diagrams.

11 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

012820   Trustees of Princeton University (NO, , P.O. Box 36, Princeton, New Jersey 08554, USA) : Process for preparing a multilayered catalyst composition having a plurality of pillared metal complex disposed on a supporting substrate. 0000, (NULL), (NULL).

012819   Torrent Pharmaceuticals Ltd (NO, , Torrent House, Near Dinesh Hall, Ashram Road, Ahmedabad-380 009) : Process for the preparation of monosubstituted propenoic acid esters. 0000, (NULL), (NULL).