020051   Sanganeria S K (NO, Ultra International Limited, New Delhi-110 001) : Beyond 2000 : regulation on use of essential oils in fragnances. Chem Wkly 2000, 45(26), 165-8.

020050   Sanariya M R;Godhani D R;Parsania P H (Department of Chemistry, Saurashtra University, Rajkot-360 005) : Kinetics of thermal degradation of cured epoxy resin. J Polym Mater 1999, 16(3), 265-9.

Epoxy resin was cured at five different temperatures viz., : 150°, 160°, 170°, 180° and 190°C for 1 h by using phthalic anhydride (ERA) and Dapsone (ERD) of varying proportions : 5, 10, 15, 20, 25% w/w. Cured samples were found insoluble except ERD-5 which is soluble in 1, 4-dioxane and DMF. Cured samples are thermally stable upto about 387°-389°C and involved two step degradation except ERA-25 (173°C) and followed first order kinetics. Cured samples have about 1.7 times more thermal stability than uncured sample (230°C). Ea for cured samples for step 1 is almost the same (38-39 K cal) and almost double than that of uncured resin (19 K cal). Negative values of ΔS^* indicated formation of intermediate compounds which is the rate determining step.

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020049   Saikia L; (Department of Horticulture, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-785 013) : Determination of thermal process schedules for canned gourds. J Fd Sci Technol 1997, 36(5), 396-401.

Thermal resistance studies carried out on Clostridium sporogenes (PA-3679, ATCC-7955) in canned brine two D and z values based on spore concentration of <126>10³ and <126> 10⁴ tube^-1. Two methods of calculation of D-values were used. Five procedures for calculation of F-values and corresponding Fo and BB by improved graphical and formula methods were done. When spore concentration was less (10³-tube^-1, D values increased considerably. After checking with inoculated pack studies. Pt (actual processing time) recommended for commercial processing (canning) of bitter gourd, pointed gourd and ivy gourd were 27.0 min, 19.0 min and 16.0 min, respectively with corresponding Fo values of 4.3 min, 4.5 min and 3.7 min, respectively at 115.6°C (240°F). Fo values and the corresponding BB were found to be the highest values.

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020048   Sadhna Singh;Kalia M;Malhotra S R (Department of Food Science and Nutrition, HP Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062) : Effect of parboiling, hand-pounding and machine-millet on chemical composition of rice. J Fd Sci Technol 1997, 36(5), 434-5.

Effect of parboiling, hand-pounding, machine-milling and genotype on chemical composition of rice was studied. Parboiled rice was found to have higher protein and ash contents and low free amino acids and free fatty acids as compared to non-parboiled rice. In constrast to machine-milled rice, hand-pounded rice contained not only higher protein, fat and ash, but also high free fatty acids, indicating poor storage quality. Irrespective of various treatments, different genotypes under experiment showed significant variations for proteins, free amino acids, fat, free fatty acids and total ash contents.

020047   Ramesh M N;Nanjundiah G;Ramesh A;Srinivasa Rao P N (Department of Food Engineering, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore-500 013) : Drying kinetics of composite materials. J agric Engng 1997, 34(2), 26-34.

Drying characteristics of composite materials, like cardamom, paddy, arecanut, macadamia seeds, barley and melon seeds were analysed using Pages equation for thin layer drying. It was found that the drying characteristics of these composite can be satisfactorily compared with each other even though different types of dryers at various capacities has been employed. The value of drying parameters K and N was found to be dependent on husk to kernel ratio of the composite materials investigated. For equal husk to kernel ratio, the N value influenced the trend of the drying curve. Phased drying with tempering was necessary in the case of partially peeled arecanut.

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020046   Patil R T;Nawab Ali (NO, Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Nabi Bagh, Berasia Road, Bhopal-462 038) : Crushing characteristics of mustard with commercial oil expeller. J Fd Sci Technol 1997, 36(5), 408-12.

Rapeseed mustard contains about 35-40% oil, wnich is generally expelled by screw type mechanical oil expellers or motorised rotaries. A commercial 9 bolt oil expeller was tested for mustard oil expulsion at 4.%6 moisture content of raw seed. The oil recovery was found to be 19.18%, 35.78%, 24.04% and 6.01% in the first, second, third and fourthe passes, respectively. The temperature of the barrel and the thickness of the cake were measured during oil expulsion processed. The average throughput was 135 kg/h of seed and the efficiency of oil expression of three passes was 79% at seed oil content of 35%. The average speed of the worm was 46 rpm. The pattern of barrel temperature indicated higher temperature at bolt numbers 5.6, and 7. The average temperature of the barrel was 66.1°C.

020045   Patel M P;Patel R G (Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar-388 120) : Synthesis and characterization of novel polyesters/copolyesters. J Polym Mater 1999, 16(3), 239-44.

Several polyesters/copolyesters were prepared by interfacial polycondensation reaction of 2, 5-bis[4-hydroxy benzylidene] cyclopentanone and 2, 6-bis[4-hydroxy benzylidene] cyclohexanone with terephthaloyl, isophthaloyl, adipoyl and sebacoyl dichlorides. All these polyesters/copolyesters were characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, solubility, viscometry measurements, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurement, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Thermogravimetric studies revealed that these polyesters/copolyesters have fairly good thermal stability, thermal degradation reactions were found to proceed in a single step having no weight loss below 275°C and 10% weight loss in the temperature range of 325-370°C. The overall activation energy for the degradation process was observed to be in the range of 39-48 kJ.mol^-1 at the heating rate of 10°C min^-1 in N₂ atmosphere.

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020044   Pandeya S C;Rathor N;Singh A (Department of Applied Sciences, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow-226 020) : Synthesis and characterization of biologically active barium containing polymer films. J Polym Mater 1999, 16(3), 253-8.

Polymer films of methyl methacrylate and styrene in presence of barium methacrylate have been synthesized using ferro salicylaldehyde-1, 2-dicarboxyloyl hydrazone as an initiator in benzene at 50°C. Biocidal action, chemical resistance, water permeability and adsorptivity have been checked. The polymer films are characterized by IR and ¹H-NMR spectroscopy. Biocidal study is done by serial dilution method and the results have been compared with those polymer films having no metal content.

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020043   Panda H (NO, Devashish Consultants (P) Ltd., 1, Station Road, P.O. Clutterbuckganj-243 502) : Acrylic modified alkyd resins. Chem Wkly 2000, 45(23), 145-57.

020042   Nayak S K;Bector B S (Dairy Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001) : Chemical quality of paneer made from neutralized milk. Indian J Dairy Sci 1999, 52(4), 262-4.

Paneer prepared from neutralized milk showed smoky flavour and soft body beside significant (P<0.05) increase in moisture, free acidity and water soluble nitrogen.

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020041   Mhalasamit D S;Gaikwad R W;Dhirendra (Department of Chemical Engineering, Pravara Rural Engg. College, Loni-413 736) : Modelling, optimization and control. Chem Wkly 2000, 45(28), 155-60.

Particular agent-based approach to the solution of various chemical processes with cooling of nitric acid as one of the examples. Describes agent technology and mobile agent technology identifying the features that might help to provide agility to the system. This general description is followed by an overview of experimental work based on a particular mobile agent implementation. The experimental work is to investigate and test the suitability of utilizing mobile agents in a distributed, multi-agent environment. Agent Development Environment provides a predefined class of hierarchy of agents and agent parts, an agent communications "Middleware", and graphical language for designing and developing agent behaviour based on the Grafcet standard. The CDG is such one agent based technology.

020040   Kulkarni L R;Naik R K (Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Rural Home Science, Dharwad-580 005) : Chemical composition and protein quality of Italian millet. Karnataka J agric Sci 1999, 12(1-4), 164-7.

Experiment has been conducted to study the chemical composition of three varieties (local, K-221-1, RS-118) of Italian Millet. The local variety was found superior in fat, ash, calcium and least in tannin followed by RS-118 which was rich in protein, crude fiber and ionisable iron. The variety K-221-1 was rich in only one nutrient namely, total carbohydrates. In a rat bioassay, the millet recorded 71.79% of digestibility co-efficient, 69.07% of Biological value, 49.75% of Net Protein Utilisation and 4.99% of Net Dietary Protein Calories Percentages. In general, all the parameters studied were significantly lower than the albumin diet.

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020039   Koutu B B;Bhagwat V W (NO, School of Studies in Chemistry, Vikram University, Ujjain-456 010) : Kinetic study of Xanthation reaction with various pulps in viscose process. J Polym Mater 1999, 16(3), 259-64.

Rates of carbon disulphide absorption by alkali-cellulose of different pulps have been studied. The values of rate constants were found to be different for different pulps. Carbon disulphide uptake by alkali-cellulose was also dependent on the free (empty) space available in the reaction vessel before adding CS₂. A relation between carbon disulphide absorption rate and free space was established. Use of glycols and glymes enhanced carbon disulphide absorption rate. The alkali-cellulose prepared from eucalyptus sulphite pulp showed higher CS₂ absorption rate constant (4.57 x 10^-2 Min^-1) than that prepared from eucalyptus kraft pulp (3.60 x 10^-2 Min^-1). The xanthation reaction rate constants with alkali-cellulose can provide a guideline in selecting the pulp types for blending in viscose plants.

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020038   Kotilinga Reddy Y;Laxminarayana M;Sarma K S; Ranganadham M;Shive Kumar (NO, Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad-500 030) : Flavour acceptability and chemical changes during storage of channa butter spread. Indian J Dairy Sci 1999, 52(4), 249-55.

Shelf life of chhana butter spread with or without addition of 0.1% sodium benzoate and 0.1% potassium sorbate was evaluated at 4°C and 10°C. Storage at 4°C resulted in higher moisture loss when compared with 10°C. Lower temperature of storage and sodium benzoate as preservative were effective in controlling the increase in acidity, tyrosine content and TBA number whereas the FFA value increased in all the samples irrespective of storage temperature and preservatives. Chhana butter spread without added preservatives had a shelf life of 15 days at both 4°C and 10°C. Sensory evaluation revealed that addition of potassium sorbate increased the shelf life to 45 days at 10°C and 60 days at 4°C, and the use of sodium benzoate upto 60 days at 10°C and 75 days at 4°C storage temperature.

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020037   Karak N (Chemical Sciences Department, Tezpur University, Tezpur-784 028) : Unique techniques for reclaiming of waste rubber products. Chem Wkly 2000, 45(30), 141-4.

Number of techniques are utilised to reclaim and reuse of waste/scrap rubber products. The science behind these techniques are mainly the breaking of chemical bonds like S-S, C-S, C-X (X = other than sulfur element) and thereby increasing plasticity without much loosing the Mechanical properties. These techniques are developed to reuse the waste rubbers as part of a total program the conserve energy and natural resources, thereby reducing cost, as well as protect environment. The techniques discussed are microwave, ultrasonic and microbial degradation for reclaiming of scrap rubber products. These techniques of reclaiming for waste rubber products are unique, as there is no involvement of hazardous chemicals/solvents in those processes, cost effective for commercialisation, environmental friendly as pollution is almost nil and more automated. As there are a large number of publications in this field, so it is not possible to review all but a general discussion has been reported.

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020036   Kamat G R (NO, , G10/13, Jan Kalyan CHS, Bangur Nagar, Goregaon (W), Mumbai-400 090) : Melt control in induction melting. Indian Fndry J 2000, 46(3), 22-6.

020035   Joseph M A;Nagarajan N M;Nair R R (Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, R.E.C., Calicut, Kerala) : Porosity of eutectic aluminium-silicon alloy modified and vibrated during solidification. Indian Fndry J 2000, 46(3), 17-21.

Aluminium silicon alloys are widely used in aircraft and automobile industries. Modification is a chemical treatment given to these alloys to change the morphology of silicon and hence improve the mechanical properties of these alloys. However porosity formation during solidification of these alloys causes costly scrap loss and limits the use of castings in critical, high-strength applications. In addition some foundrymen associate the process of modification with an increased tendency to produce more porous castings. The study is aimed at examining the porosity of Modified-Vibrated Al-Si Eutectic alloy. The study has revealed that modification increases the number of micropores, but reduces porosity. Still further reduction in porosity is resulted, when the casting is solidified under the combined effects of modification and vibration. The effect of gating design on porosity has also been studied. Double gate pouring is found to be the best in producing casting with least porosity.

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020034   Joseph J;Ramesh M N;Nanjundaiah G;Raghavan B; Srinivas Rao P N (NO, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore-570 013) : Drying characteristics of large cardamom. J agric Engng 1997, 34(2), 35-41.

Studies on the farm drying characteristics of large cardamom were carried out using different dryers. The performance of these dryers was compared. It was found that it is possible to dry large cardamom from a moisture content of 80% w.b. to 10% w.b., in natural convection dryers with a drying time of 24 to 28 hours at 70°C. Using Page's model for thin layer drying the drying parameters, K and N value were determined. The model predicted the performance consistently.

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020033   Hassan F;Mathew S (NO, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Indian Institute of Species Research, Peruvannamuzhi (P.O.), Kozhikode) : Physico-chemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics of washed fish mince prepared from some selected spices of fish. J Fd Sci Technol 1997, 36(5), 459-62.

Physico-chemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics of washed fish mince prepared from Cyprinus carpto. Oreochromis mossambicus. Nemipterus japonicus and Scoliodon sorrakowah were determined using standard procedures. Allspecies studied showed that the minces prepared were suitable for product development. Since the consumer acceptability various with species, separate procedures should be adopted for each species, while standardising methodology for surimi preparation in commercial establishments.

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020032   Grewal H K;Hira C K;Kawatra B L (Department of Foods and Nutrition, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004) : Zinc, calcium and iron availability using molar ratios in processed and cooked wheat products. J Fd Sci Technol 1997, 36(5), 453-6.

Molar ratios for availability of zinc, calcium and iron were calculated from various processed and cooked samples of wheat. Phytate: zinc molar ratio was more than 20 for all processed wheat samples. Phytate x calcium : zinc molar ratio was more than 50 mM/100g in refined flour and semilina and less than this value in rest of the samples. The phytate: calcium, phytate: iron and iron: zinc molar ratios in all processed wheat samples were more than the desired ratios. In cooked products of whole and pearled wheat flour, the phytate: zinc ratio below 20 and phytate x calcium: zinc ratio above 50 were observed in chapati and parantha, but not in pooris. In all refined flour products, the phytate: zinc, phytate x calcium: zinc, phytate calcium and phytate: iron ratios were found to be lower compared to whole and pearled wheat flour products.

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020031   Gadhia P K;Bhakta J;Gadhia M (Department of Biosciences, South Gujarat University, Surat-395 007) : Measurement of radioactivity in foodstuffs around Kakrapar Atomic Power Station. Radiat Prot Envir 1999, 22(1-2), 30-4.

Radioactivity content Cs-137 and Sr-90 in various diet compoments grown and consumed locally around Kakrapar Atomic Power Station (KAPS) site have been measured. To find out the possibility of radioactivity contribution from KAPS, two groups consisting of five villages each have been selected on the basis of distance from the plant site. Group - I (within 1.5 to 5.0 Km radius) was used to find out plant related activity, while Group - II located away from the plant (beyond 16 Km) were considered for the control study. Results revealed that radioactivity content of Cs-137 and Sr-90 in various diet components did not show any significant variation for both the group of villages.

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020030   Dolui S K;Agrawal S P (Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur-784 025) : Plastics in building and construction. J Polym Mater 1999, 16(3), 209-32.

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020029   Chauhan G S;Bhatt S S;Inderjeet Kaur;Singha A S;Kaith B S (Department of Chemistry, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hills, Shimla-171 005) : Modification of natural polymers : graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto rayon fiber initiated by ceric ions - a study in swelling and thermal properties. J Polym Mater 1999, 16(3), 245-52.

Modification of rayon fiber for more diversified end-uses has been attempted by grafting methyl methacrylate (MMA) initiated by Ce⁺⁴ ions. Optimum grafting conditions such as concentration of monomer, initiator and nitric acid, amount of water, reaction time and temperature have been evaluated. The graft copolymers and the ungrafted rayon fiber have been characterized by thermogravimetric analysis and by swelling studies in DMF, water and 1-butanol. The trend in the swelling behavior of the grafted sample follow DMF <62> water <62> 1-butanol order which is different from that observed for ungrafted sample, namely, water <62> DMF <62> 1-butanol. The grafted sample shows improved thermal stability in contrast to ungrafted fiber as observed from higher initial decomposition temperature (IDT) and higher energy of activation (E_act) in the overall degradation process. However, the overall mechanism of degradation follows the same model.

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020028   Bag D S;Maiti S (Department of Polymer Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi-835 215) : Magnetic polymers. J Polym Mater 1999, 16(3), 187-208.

Synthesis of organic molecule-based polymers having intrinsic and superior magnetic properties is one of the frontier areas of polymer research. Polymer materials having magnetic properties may be classified as polymer composites with magnetic fillers; transition metal-containing polymer; polyradicals, and polycarbenes, polynitrenes, polyradical ions etc. Polymeric materials of the first and second categories are extrinsically magnetic due to the presence of metallic magnetic elements. The last two types are intrinsically magnetic in nature due to its high spin multiplicity in the ground state. An attempt has been made to review magnetic polymers based on polyradicals and polycarbenes along with some discussion on other molecular based magnetic materials such as inorganic charge transfer complexes, nitrenes and organic radical ions. The theoretical background of organic ferromagnetism and the spin-coupling mechanism have also been briefly discussed.

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020027   Athawale V D;Bailkeri R S (Department of Chemistry, University of Mumbai, Vidyanagri, Mumbai-400 098) : Studies on coating properties of Liquid crystalline Acrylic copolymers. Paintindia 2000, 50(1), 43-50.

Acrylic copolymers based on ethylmethacrylate (EMA), Butyl acrylate (BA)/ethyl acrylate (EA) and acrylic acid (AA) were prepared. The monomer compositions were calculated by Fox equation. The acrylic copolymers were modified by incorporating mesogenic group, via grafting, to yield liquid crystalline acrylic copolymers. Incorporation of mesogenic group was confirmed by IR, H-NMR and polarizing photomicroscope. These liquid crystalline acrylic copolymers were characterized by DSC and TGA. Both the acrylic copolymers and liquid crystalline acrylic copolymers were studied for their coating applications. Influence of liquid crystallinity on the coating properties of acrylic copolymers was studied in detail.

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020026   Aruna K;Vimala V;Dhanalakshmi K;Reddy V (Department of Foods and Nutrition, Post-Graduate and Research Centre, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030) : Physico-chemical changes during storage of papaya fruit (Carica papaya L.) bar (thandra). J Fd Sci Technol 1997, 36(5), 428-33.

Papaya fruit bar (Thandra) was stored at room temperature (25-°C) for nine months and the physico-chemical and microbiological changes were studied during the storage period. It was also stored at different temperature and organoleptic changes were evaluated. Sensory evaluation of fruit bar revealed higher deterioration in colour, appearance and texture on 6 and 9 months storage at higher temperature. The losses of total carotenes, β-carotene and vitamin C were 54, 46 and 43% at the end of the storate period. The products stored for 6 months were found to be superior from the textural and odour points of view and with minimum physico-chemical changes. Microbiological count was observed on 6 months storage and increased with increase in storage temperature. Equilibrium relative humidity studies revealed that 3 mil high density polyethylene could be used to store the product for 10 months.

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020025   Anuradha M (NO, Food and Agricultural University, Tirupati-517 502) : Food processing : the pathway to nutritional security. Fmr Parliam 1999, 36(12), 6-8.

Food processing is one of the pathways to food and nutritional security. It helps in the generation of agro-based industries, earning foreign exchange through exports, arresting urbanisation, fortification and value-addition, removal of anti-nutritional factors, new food products development and increasing self life. It has the answers to the ecological, energy, economic, employment, equity and population challenges posed by the environment. Cereals, millets, pulses, nutes and oilseeds, fruits and vegetables, animal foods, spices and condime ts, all lend themselves to food processing in myriad ways, to suit the needs of every segment of population. In this computer age when time, energy, money, space, land and water are becoming more and more scarce, food processing holds the answer to several hurdles in the way of nutritional security.

020024   Aggarwal R A K;Arya P S;Mahajan N C (Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, HP Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062) : Nutritional evaluation of vegetable colocasia grown in Himachal Pradesh. J Fd Sci Technol 1997, 36(5), 457-8.

Colocasia has the capability of growing under varied climatic conditions. It is a widely grown vegetable in almost all parts in Himachal Pradesh. The versatility of this plant is reflected by the fact that not only the rhizone but also the stem and leaves are used as vegetable. The nutritional quality of Colocasia and Alocasia grown in different regions of Himachal Pradesh was assessed. This will help in developing the varieties of Colocasia with better nutritional quality. The results showed that carbohydrates ranged from 5.51 to 9.87% and constituted the major source of dietary energy in all the samples. Fat content varied from 0.34 to 0.61% and proteins 1.11 to 1.64% in edible portion of the tuber. All samples were fairly rich in magnesium and potassium.

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018974   Yukawa H;Takagi M;Morinaga M (Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya464-8603, Japan) : Design of hydrogen storage alloys with the aid of molecular orbital method. Bull Mater Sci 1999, 22(5), 885-90.

Electronic structures of hydrogen storage alloys are calculated by the DV-Xa molecular orbital method. The results revealed that hydrogen interacts more strongly with hydride-non-forming elements, B, (e.g. Ni, Mn, Fe) than hydride-forming elements, A, (e.g. La, Zr, Ti, Mg) in every hydrogen storage alloy, despite there being a larger affinity of A elements for hydrogen than B elements in the binary metal-hydrogen system. The presence of such a metal-hydrogen interaction is a characteristic of hydrogen storage alloys. Furthermore, the A/B compositional ratio of hydrogen storage alloys can be understood in terms of a simple parameter, 2Bo(A-B)/[Bo(A-A) + Bo(B-B)], where the Bo(A-B), Bo(A-A) and Bo(B-B) are the bond orders between atoms given in the parentheses.

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018973   Shukla P K;Srivastava R K (Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary Science and A H, Mathura-281 001) : Storage of poultry stability pickle at room temperature. Indian J Poult Sci 1999, 34(2), 285-8.

Poultry pickle was prepared using bone-in meat from spent white leghorn birds of around 600 days age. After an elapse of eight days as maturation period, the product was evaluated for change in physico-chemical (pH, titrable acidity, TBA value), microbiological (total aerobic mesophilic count, halophilic count and yeast and mould count) and organoleptic properties at an interval of 30 days upto 90 days of storage at room temperature. Initial mean pH and titrable acidity of the product was 4.85±0.01 and 1.10<145>0.02, which reached to 4.87±0.02 and 1.08±0.08 respectively on 90th day of storage. Microbiological counts and sensory quality traits did not show appreciable change and remained satisfactory during the entire period of storage study.

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018972   Ravikumar M N V (Department of Chemistry, University of Roorkee, ) : Chitin and chitosan fibres. Bull Mater Sci 1999, 22(5), 905-15.

Chitin is the most abundant natural amino polysaccharide and estimated to be produced annually almost as much as cellulose. It has become of great interest not only as an underutilized resource, but also as a new functional material of high potential in various fields and the recent progress in chitin chemistry is quite noteworthy. The purpose of this review is to take a closer look at fibres made of chitin and its derivatives. Based on the current research and existing products, some new and futuristic approaches, in the development of novel fibres and their applications have been thoroughly discussed.

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018971   Radhakrishnamurty P (NO, Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi-630 006) : Current efficiency of alloy plating and the electrochemical equivalent of an alloy. Bull Electrochem 1999, 15(7-8), 252-6.

Electrochemical equivalent is defined in the context of the calculation of the current density of electrodeposition of alloys. In order to calculate the current efficiency of the alloy deposition process, it is necessary to know the mass of the alloy expected to be deposited per Faraday of electricity when no other electrode reaction than the alloy deposition occurs at the electrode surface. Since alloys do not have a fixed composition, in other words, since alloys do not obey the law of definite properties, it is not possible to calculate theoretically the mass of the alloy deposited per Faraday. Thus there exists no fixed value for the electrochemical equivalent of an alloy. However, the current efficiency for an alloy deposition process can easily be calculated, without any need to know or define the electrochemical equivalent of an alloy. An analysis of the alloy deposited can be obtained experimentally and the corresponding Faradays utilised can be calculated. The ratio of this quantity to the number of Faradays passed through the cell would give the current efficiency for the alloy deposition process.

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018970   Patel K D (NO, V.P. and R.P.T.P. Science College, Vallabh Vidyanagar-388 120) : Novel-bismaleimide-epoxy resin system. Oriental J Chem 1999, 15(3), 457-62.

Novel diamines, namely N,N'-bis[1-(2-methyl-4-aminophenyl)ethanoyl]-1,4-benzene-diamine (BMAED 1) and N,N'-bis [1-(4-methyl-3-aminophenyl)ethanoyl]-1,4-benzene-diamine (BMAED 2), have been prepared and reacted with various bismaleimides (BM) at a BM:diamine ratio of 1:2. The resulting oligoimides have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectral studies and the number average molecular weight (Mn) estimated by non-aqueous conductometric titration and thermogravimetry. Some of the oligoimides have been modified by addition (i.e. curing reaction of eoxy resin, namely the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A, and studied by differential calorimetry (DSC). The glass and carbon reinforced composties have also been prepared and characterized by their mechanical properties.

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018969   Pangas T K;Sachdev A K;Ram Gopal;Verma S S (NO, Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122) : Effect of storage on the quality of fried chicken liver. Indian J Poult Sci 1999, 34(2), 230-4.

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the quality changes in fried chicken liver stored at ambient (15 to 21°C, 69 to 82% RH) as well as refrigreated temperatures for 3 and 7 days respectively. Significent increase in shear force (SFV) and TBA values was recorded in the stored samples. Moisture, CP and EF were insignificantly affected by the storage periods. Despite gradual increase in total plate counts due to length of storage, the product revealed no significant deterioration in its colour, flavour, juiciness, tenderness, texture and overall acceptability. Results of the study suggested that fried chicken liver could be safely consumed till 3 days of experimental storage at ambient and 7 days at refrigerated temperatures.

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018968   Muralidharan S;Chandrasekar R;Iyer S V K (NO, Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi-630 006) : Effect of piperidones on hydrogen permeation and corrosion inhibition of mild steel in acidic solutions. Proc Indian Acad Sci-Chem Sci 2000, 112(2), 127-36.

Influence of 3-methyl-2, 6-diphenyl piperidin-4-one (MDPO) and 2-phenyl decahydroquinoline-4-one (PDQO) synthesised in the laboratory on hydrogen permeation and corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 1N H₂SO₄ has been studied using weight loss and various electrochemical AC and DC corrosion-monitoring techniques. Both the compounds inhibit the corrosion of mild steel in H₂SO₄. Potentiodynamic polarisation studies clearly reveal that they behave predominantly as cathodic inhibitors. The extent of decrease in hydrogen permeation current through steel surface has been studied by the hydrogen electropermeation technique. Double layer capacitance (C_dl) and charge transfer resistance (R_t) values are derived from Nyquist plots obtained from AC impedance studies. The adsorption of these compounds on mild steel surface from H₂SO₄ obeys Temkin's adsorption isotherm.

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018967   Mumar N;Harindra Kumar;Shashidhara G M (Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, Mysore-570 006) : Correlation between ash content and mechanical properties of natural rubber and EPDM rubber. Indian chem Engr 1999, 41(3), 181-4.

Developing compounds of natural rubber (NR) and Ethylene Propylene Diene Terpolymer (EPDM) system having same hardness but differing in ash content. The amount of fillers and softeners added in NR and EPDM rubber compounds were varied and their ash content was determined. The mechanical properties of the rubber vulcanizates, like tensile strength, % elongation and abrasion resistance were determined before and after ageing. The change in properties with ash content were correlated. The results showed that, tensile strength and % elongation decresed while the abrasion resistance is adversely affected with increase in ash content. EPDM showed better aging resistance than NR.

018966   Ladgaonkar B P;Kolekar C B;Vaingankar A S (Department of Electronics, Shivaji University, Kolhapur-416 004) : Magnetization and initial permeability studies of Nd<. Bull Mater Sci 1999, 22(5), 917-20.

Polycrystalline ferrites, Zn_xMg_1-xFe_2-yNd_yO₄ (x=0.00, 0-20, 0-40, 0.60, 0.80 and 1-00; y=0-00, 0-05 and 0-10), were prepared by standard ceramic method. The compositions, on characterization by X-ray diffraction, showed formation of single phase cubic spinels. Magnetic study of the compositions showed increase in magnetic moment, n_β, with Zn²⁺ concentration up to x=0.4 and a decrease therafter. This was attributed to the existence of canted spin. The compositions for x=0.8 and 1.0 showed paramagnetic behiviour at and above room temperature. The substitution of Nd³⁺ ion caused reduction in the magnetic moment and Curie temperatures. Substituted Nd³⁺ ion showed its occupancy on octaherdral (B) site. The dependence of the initial permeability was studied in the temperature range 298 K-700 K. This μ_i-T curve reflects the positive temperature coefficient of initial permeability for the compositions x ≤ 0.4 and y=0.00. On substitution of Nd³⁺ ion (i.e. y=0.05 and 0.10), the μ_i1, by substituted rare-earth, Nd³⁺ ion.

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018965   Khedr M H;Ahmed Y M Z;Mohammed O A;Shalabi M E H (Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Beni Suef, Cairo University, Egypt) : Studies on pelletization, induration and reduction of mill scale. Trans Indian Inst Metals 1999, 52(6), 363-73.

Studies carried out on pelletization, drying, firing and hydrogen reduction of mill scale generated at Egyptian Iron and Steel Co. is presented. The mill scale contained a high proportion of wustite, magnetite, and metallic iron was pelletized in disc pelletizer, using water as binder material. The studies on pelletization was conducted by varying disc slope/angle (45-70°), residence time (5-12 min.), speed of pelletizer (13-17 rpm), feed size (-50 to 270 mesh) and amount of binder (6-11%) with an aim to prepare pellets with optimum properties. Green pellets were subjected to physical studies on drying (100-400°C) and firing (500-1300°C) for different periods of time prior to hydrogen reduction at 1000°C. At each stage pellets were evaluated with respect to their explained with the support of chemical analysis and microstructure.

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018964   Khan S H;Garg S J (NO, Mithibai College, Vile Parle (West) Mumbai-400 059) : Corrosion inhibition study of mild steel in various sea water by colloidal inhibitor, gelatin. Oriental J Chem 1999, 15(3), 471-6.

Corrosion of mild steel in sea water, synthetic sea water and heavy ion synthetic sea water has been studied by weight loss method. Corrosion mechanism involved was studied by electrochemical methods. Corrosion inhibition was studied for periods from 1 to 30 days in presence of 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.5% glatin. In long duration test (30 days(, at higher concentration of gelatin. It was observed that the rate of corrosion decreases and percentage inhibition increases with increase in concentration of gelatin. (0.5%), percentage inhibition decreases. The rate of corrosion and percentage inhibition observed for heavy ion synthetic sea water was highest followed by synthetic sea was and natural sea water. Electrochemical methods suggest that the inhibitor gelatin influences both the cathodic and the anodic process and acts as mixed type of inhibitor.

018963   Kawazoe Y (NO, Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan) : Can ab initio simulation really predict properties of materials prior to experimental. Bull Mater Sci 1999, 22(5), 901-4.

Presented all-electron fullpotential ab initio simulation method with introduction of mixed-basis, and have cited several typical examples which indicate that it is possible to predict properties of materials prior to experimental. Based on the ab initio calculation of the total energy, cluster variation, and direct methods function, it is possible to bridge the limited scheme of the ab initio treatment to real complex materials. Furthermore, to overcome the limited computer power, developed parallel processing codes and tested their efficiencies as well.

018962   Jaya;Shrivastava P C;Ghosh D;Agnihotri A K (Department of Soil Science, G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145) : Adsorption-desorption of humic acid on goethite. Chem envir Res 1998, 7(3-4), 255-62.

Effects of reaction time, temperature, pH and concentration of humic acid on adsorption-desorption processes of humic acid on to synthetic goethite (α-FeOOH) were studied. The adsorption kineties of humic acid on goethite conformed well to first order reaction and consisted of an initial faster rate for first 12h, followed by a slower rate which extended up to 20 d of incubation. The desorbed fraction of humic acid decreased with time. The increase in temperature (5 to 30°C) decreased adsorption at pH 5.0 but increased it at pH 6.0 and 8.0. Adsorption isotherms of humic acid on goethite were S-type and conformed to Freundlich model. An increase in the equilibrium pH decreased log K value but increased l/n value. In all the cases, the desorption of humic acid was found to be inversely related to the adsorbed amount. Infra-red spectra indicated that COOH and phenolic-OH groups of humic acid interacted with goethite surface.

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018961   Goyal M;Bhargava P (Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Home Science, Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner) : Solar tray drying of potato chips : comparison with mechanical tray and sun drying. SESI Jl 1999, 9(2), 53-61.

Potato chips were prepared using `Kufri Chandramukhi' variety of potato. After giving various standardized pretreatments, potato slices were dried separately under open sun, in a solar tray dryer, and a mechanical tray dryer. All samples were assessed for total drying time, moisture, starch and sugar contents along with overall acceptability. Immaterial of pretreatment and drying conditions, all the dried samples were well accepted by the panelist. However, in terms of electricity requirement and utilization of solar energy, solar tray drying was considered as the best method for drying potato chips.

018960   Gnanamoorthy R;Mutoh Y (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai-600 036) : Fatigue crack growth behaviour of gamma base titanium aluminides under different loading conditions. Bull Mater Sci 1999, 22(5), 933-6.

Static and cyclic fatigue crack growth behaviour of gamma base titanium aluminides with three different microstructures were investigated. Influence of cyclic test frequency on fatigue crack growth behaviour was also studied at room temperature under a controlled humidity condition. The crack growth behaviour both under static and cyclic loading was strongly influenced by the microstructure. The threshold stress intensity and crack growth behaviour under cyclic loading were much inferior than that under static loading indicating the `true-cyclic fatigue' effect exhibited in gamma base titanium aluminides. No significant effect of test frequency on the crack growth behaviour was observed for the equiaxed and duplex microstructure materials.

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018959   Ghosh U;Bhattacharjee A;Bose P K;Choudhuri D R;Gangopadhyay H (Department of Food Technology and Bio Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Calcutta-700 032) : Transportation of litchies under modified storage atmosphere. Indian chem Engr 1999, 41(3), 219-22.

Studies have been made on the transportation of litchies from Muzaffarpur to Calcutta via Ludhiana and Delhi by road and rail. The Litchies were transported in Polyurethane Foam (PU) insulated box and ice was used to keep the inside temperature cool. During transportation most of the litchies retained good quality in regard to colour, flavour and texture. Conventional method of transportation of litchies by rail, road fails to keep litchies more than 2-3 days due to dehydration and blackening of colour. Export of litchies under conventional practice are costly as this requires a total cold chain system and pretreatment of produce by chemical, cooling, packaging etc. Inview of trade litchies could be transported at reasonably low cost under modified atmosphere using, suitable packaging material like Polyethylene (PE). Polypropylene (PP) of 250 gauge and at a temperature of 12 ± 2°C, 82-85% Relative humidity (RH) against ambient temperature of 33-40°C and 4250% RH.

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018958   George M;Westby A;Adams M R (Division of Crop Utilisation and Biotechnology, Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Sreekariam, Trivandrum-695 017) : Microbial safety of fermented cassava flour prepared with a mixed culture inoculum. J Root Crops 1997, 23(1), 57-60.

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018957   Borah D K;Saikia P K (College of Agriculture, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-785 013) : Consumers' preference to milk and milk products in greater Guwahati. J Agric Sci Soc North-East India 1999, 12(1), 32-7.

Survey of consumption of milk and milk products revealed that the private sources served as the biggest supplier milk (76.22%) in greater Guwahati. The consumers that did not at all purchase milk for consumption accounted for 1089 per cent. Preference of the consumers to morning milk is higher (69.56%) than that of the evening milk (13.56%). Of the milk products, "Amul" milk powder was preferred most (32.22%) followed by "Amul" butter (30.44%).

018956   Benerjee A K;Yadav A (Chemistry Department, Dr H S Gour University, Sagar-470 003) : High temperature heating of Phyllanthus emblica oil : studies on physico-chemical properties. Chem envir Res 1998, 7(3-4), 185-7.

High temperature heating (170°, 190° and 200°C) of Phyllanthus emblic seed oil (comparable to frying temperature to which the edible commercial oils are put) for 6 hours per day for 6 days was carried. Effect of temperature and its duration on physical properties-refractive index, specific gravity, viscosity and chemical properties-iodine value, saponification value and free fatty acid content, leading to change in oil quality, has been studied and compared with a reference commercial oil.

018955   Banerjee A K;Yadav A (Chemistry Department, Dr H S Gour University, Sagar-470 003) : HPLC analysis of isometric fatty acid content from hydrogenated oil of Sterculia alata. Chem envir Res 1998, 7(3-4), 181-4.

Fatty oil of Sterculia alata has been hydrogenated and analysed for isomeric fatty acid content using HPLC and MS. It has been found to be a conjugated diene isomer of linoleic acid.

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018954   Anand S K;Pandey N K;Verma S S (Division of Post Harvest Technology, Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122) : Effect of sodium hypophosphite decontamination and modified atmosphere packaging on microbial profile of chicken carcasses under refrigerated storage. Indian J Poult Sci 1999, 34(2), 280-4.

Studies were conducted to observe the effect of sodium hypophosphite combined with vacuum or nitrogen packing and low temperature storage in increasing the shelf-life of dressed poultry. The samples were drawn on alternate days of refrigerated storage and analysed for total aerobic counts, Staphylococcus aureus, coliforms, yeast and moulds in addition to pH and TBA value determination. The vacuum packed samples has a shelf-life of 7 days, while sodium hypophosphite treated and vacuum packed samples had a shelf-life of a day more at 5°C. Similar results were obtained in SHP treated and nitrogen packed samples in comparison to nitrogen packing alone.

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018953   Anand S K;Pandey N K;Verma S S (Division of Post Harvest Technology, Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122) : Effect of modified atmosphere packaging on microbial interactions and shelf-life of dressed chicken under refrigeration. Indian J Poult Sci 1999, 34(2), 224-9.

Experiments were conducted to observe the role of packaging under varying levels of vacuum and nitrogen on the microbial interaction and shelf-life of dressed chicken. The samples were divided into four groups and packed under complete vacuum, 50 percent vacuum, complete nitrogen and 50 percent vacuum + 50 percent nitrogen atmospheres, and were stored at 5°C. On alternate days of storage, the samples were analysed for the total aerobes, coliforms, Staphylococeus aureus, yeast and moulds, psychotrophs, and total anaerobes, in addition to pH and TBA values. The influence of modified atmosphere packaging on survival and multiplication of spoilage and food-borne pathogenic microflora was quite variable. However, vacuum or nitrogen packing helped in increased shelf-stability of the sample under refrigerated storage.

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