006899   Rishi S;Jindal A (Fish Biochem Cytogenetic Lab Dept Zool, Kurukshetra Univ, Kurukshetra-136 119) : A study of isozyme patterns in Indian major carp Catla catla. Appl Fish Aquacult 2004, 4(2), 27-9.

During the investigation, MDH isozyme patterns have been studied by using Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) in two populations of Indian major carp, Catla catla. The MDH isozyme patterns were obtained from different tissues viz muscle, liver heart and eye of forty individuals of each population of C. catla. After staining, the bands show more or less similar patterns in both the populations.

4 plates, 15 ref

006898   Nanda P K;Rout S K;Das P (NO, East Regional Stn of Indian Vet Res Inst, 37, Belgachia Road, Kolkata-700 037) : Characterisation of an expressed sequence tag (EST) marker in cross-species amplification of carps. Aquacult 2005, 6(1), 121-4.

Characterisation of an expressed sequence tag (EST) clone, isolated from (Catla catla, for its utility as marker has been attempted. Initial study with reference to see cross-species amplification in different carp species and species-specific marker identification has been done. In this context, DNA was extracted and quantified from fin samples of Catla catla (catla), Labeo rohita (rohu), L. bata (bata), L. calbasu (calbasu), L. dyochelius, L. fimbriatus (fimbriatus), L. gonius (gonius). PCR-genotyping was done using touch down Polymerase chain reaction (TD-PCR) for 30 cycles. Amplified PCR products were subjected to run on 8% denaturing Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and stained for development of bands. The result shows a positive cross species amplification in six Labeo sps. This could also be used as a species-specific marker by observing the allele size in amplified PCR products, which were identical in all Labeo sps. except in Catla catla.

3 illus, 11 ref

006897   Naik S J K;Chapla J;Vasundhara Devi V (Dep Zool, P G Coll of Sci Osmania Univ, Saifabad, Hyderabad-500 004) : Effect of leather tanery effluent on certain hematological parameters of a fresh water common carp-Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus). Ecol Envir Conserv 2004, 10(4), 533-5.

The toxic effect of Cr compounds on certain haematological parameters in a fresh water common carp - Cyprinus carpia (Linn) exposed to 40 and 20% leather tannery effluent for a period of 28 days have been evaluated. A significant decrease in total erythrocyte count (TEC); total leucocyte count (TLC) and haemoglobin (Hb) concentration was observed, compared to the control.

1 table, 16 ref

006896   Moundiotiya C;Kulshreshtha M;Bhatia A L; Sisodia R (Dep Zool, Univ of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302 004) : Diversity of avifauna of Jamwa Ramgarh Wetland of Rajasthan in India. J envir Biol 2005, 26(3), 579-83.

Deals with the rich avifauna available at Jamwa Ramgarh Lake of Rajasthan in India. More than 100 species of birds belonging to 38 families were recorded at lake during the year 2002,maximum species were sighted during the winter season. Due to scanty rainfall in 2002, this lake was also affected and had only one-fourth of water of its total capacity, which affected the numbers of migratory waterfowl also. In the wetland most water birds were found to be migratoryand few being resident. Some rare, endangered, uncommon, vulnerable, threatened and near threatened species of birds those already listed in Red Data Book were sighted.

1 illus, 1 table, 5 ref

006895   Mishra A K (Dep Zool, PUP Coll, Motihari-845 401) : Morphometric relationship of Cirrhinus mrigala of Indo-Nepal Himalayan Terai region of Bihar. Ecol Envir Conserv 2004, 10(4), 493-7.

Sikrahana water physico-chemical condition suggest the favourable ecological conditions for production potential of quality fish C. mrigala. Relative condition Kn values of different month revealed the C. mrigala attained peak condition in February, June and October. The high value Kn was found to be in lower length groups than older. The body weight showed a clear-cut increasing trend with the increase in body length. The repressive co-efficient (b) values for all the three relations came to be more than 3 i.e. 3.03921, 3.01659 and 3.11611 for standard length, furcal length and total length respectively suggest that the fish obeys the general "Cube law" in this region. The slope value is 3.11611 for length and weight relationship. It was observed that furcal length would increse by a power of 1.00743 with unit increase in standard length. The value of exponent "n" has been found to be 4.36.The increase and decrease in length's approved to be cyclic in nature and attained maturity on one year.

3 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

006894   Mathew G;Shamsudeen R S M;Chandran R (NO, , , Email: mathew@kfri.org) : Insect fauna of Peechi-Vazhan Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala, India. Zoos Print J 2005, 20(8), 1955-60.

Study on the insect fauna of Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary, recorded 374 species of insects mostly belonging to Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Hemiptera. The fauna was rich and diverse and contained several rare and protected species. Among butterflies, of the 74 species recorded, six species (Chilasa clytia, Appias lyncida, Appias libythea, Mycalesis anaxias, Hypolimnas misippus and Castalius rosimon are protected under the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act. Similarly, four species of butterflies, Papilio buddha, Papilio polymnestor, Troides minos, and Cirrochroa thais, recorded in the study are rare and restricted in distribution. The moth fauna is rich in arboreal feeding forms indicating an undisturbed forest patch in the area. Certain species associated with herbaceous ground vegetation are of economic importance, being already reported as pests of various agricultural crops. Beetles are also abundant, being dominated by phytophagous and scavenger forms, the former feeding mostly on herbaceous ground flora and the latter associated with animal excreta. The bugs recorded in the study included mostly phytophagous forms. The hymenopterans contained several species of solitary bees and wasps. An inventory of 382 species of insects recorded from the Sanctuary is given.

1 illus, 1 table, 4 ref

006893   Madhusudhana L;Nagaraja S;Rajarami Reddy G (NO, , ) : Impact of monoamines on the spontaneous electrical activity in the scorpion, Heterometrus fulvipes. Natn Acad Sci Lett 2004, 27(9-10), 365-8.

Effect of monoamines on the spontaneous electrical activity was studied in the ventral nerve cord of the scorpion, Heterometrus fulvipes. Perfusion of nerve cord with epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin (5-HT) exerted significant inhibitory action on the spontaneous activity within 5 to 10 minutes. Washing of nerve cord with scorpion ringer, however relieved the effect and the activity showed recovery towards control levels. The results were discussed in relation to role of these monoamines in social and aggressive behaviour of scorpions.

^ssc4 illus, 21 ref

006892   Langer S;Khajuria S;Bakhtiyar Y (NO, , ) : Studies on preferential feeding behaviour of larvae of Labeo rohita (Hamilton). Appl Fish Aquacult 2004, 4(2), 38-41.

Early fish larval feeding was studied by offering laboratory cultured zooplankton species viz. rotifer, cladocerans (Simocephalus, Ceriodaphinia, Moinodapnia, Alona, and Macrothyrix) and copepods as food to larvae of Labeo rohita. Results indicated that rohu larvae feed on all the zooplankton species offered in the diet. Preferential selection is however determined by several factors viz. larval age, gape of mouth of larvae, prey visibility and prey density. Of all the live organisms offered in the experimental diet, rotifers form the preffered food for fish larvae on first exogenous feeding. Followed by rotifers, among cladocerans, Alona species is the first to make its appearance in the larval gut, followed by copepods, Simocephelus and Macrothyrix respectively.

2 tables, 28 ref

006891   Khanna D R;Bhutiani R (Dep Zool Envir Sci, Gurukul Kangri Vishvidyalaya, Haridwar-249 404) : Fish ecology of a lake at Haridwar district (U.A.) with special reference to its economics. Aquacult 2005, 6(1), 17-24.

Padali Gujjar lake (29° 5' North latitude and 77° 53' East longitude) is situated at an elevation of 268 meter above sea level at Roorkee in district Haridwar The surface area of the lake is 2,92,500 square meter (m²) and the catchment area of 2,92,400 my². The present study was done to evaluate the broad limnological features of the lake with special reference to its economics, the physico-chemical and biological characteristics of lake plays an important role in determination of the structure and composition of biotic community. The lake is used for composite fish culture practices since very long time, during the study period, 11 species of fishes were identified, out of which seven were culturable as Catla-catla, Labeo-rohtia, Cirrbinus-mrigal, Hypopthalmicthys-molitris, Aristiochthys-nobalis, Cyprinus-carpio, Ctenopharyngodon-idella and rest are categorized as weed fishes namely Channa-stratius, Glossogobius-giurus, Notcpterus-notopterus and Chanda-nama. The total expenditure on lake management was calculated as Rs. 12,015 which contributes its maintenance, removal of weed, aquatic vegetation etc. and purification of lake from time of time. The total expenditure in all the practices for composite fish culture was Rs. 23,885 and the total sale collection of fish production was Rs. 1,74,596.50 during one year. At last the net profit from this lake was found to be Rs. 1,50,711.50

1 illus, 7 table, 31 ref

006890   Joy V C;Pramanik R;Sarkar K (Dep Zool, Visva-Bharati Univ, Santinikatan-731 235) : Biomonitoring insecticide pollution using non-target soil microarthropods. J envir Biol 2005, 26(3), 571-7.

Biomonitoring insecticide pollution in soil is discussed with the help of field and laboratory findings on the density, prey-predator ratio and fecundity of non-target microarthropod fauna. Field experiments were conducted in small plots with mustard, wheat and lady's finger crops and insecticides namely heptachlor 20EC (3.25 kg ai/ha = 16.25 lit/ha) and endosulfan 35EC (0.875 kg ai/ha = 2.5 lit/ha) applied at the seedling stages. Soil microarthropod population estimated at fortnightly intervals in the treated and untreated control plots revealed a general trend ofadverse effect of the insecticides, prominently on the density and relative abundance of major prey groups like Collembola and Acari leading to notable decline in prey-predator ratio. Comparison of the percentage reductions of major taxonomic and trophic groups between pre-treatment and post-treatment intervals also demonstrated the ill effect of both heptachlor and endosulfan,notably on Collembola and the prey category. In the laboratory the survival success and fecundity of Cyphoderus javanus (Collembola) and Archegozetes longisetosus (Acari) were compared by exposing freshly emerged adults to sub-lethal concentrations of heptachlor and endosulfan for varying durations. The untreated control sets recorded high fecundity for both C. javanus and A. longisetosus, but chronic toxicity of the insecticides on adults confined to the treated soil resulted into very low fecundity. Even short duration exposure to heptachlor and endosulfan treated soil for 24 or 72 hours only was found to delay the egg-laying and decrease the fecundity of both the species. It is concluded that population responses and reproductive sensitivity in non-target soil microarthropods are potential eco-toxicological parameters for detecting pesticidepollution in soil and for ecological health assessment since the results are based on the bioactivity of toxicants.

1 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref

006889   Joshi K C;Kulkarni N;Roychoudhury N;Chandra S;Barve S (For Ent Div, Trop For Res Inst, Jabalpur) : A study of insects from Kanha National Park. J trop For 2004, 20(3-4), 58-74.

Reports detailed observations on the entomological fauna of Kanha National Park, Madhya Pradesh recorded during the period 2003 to 2004. In all, 187 insect species were sampled, morphologically studied and identified , out of which, 51 species of butterflies, 88 species of moths, 20 species of beetles, 6 species of bugs, 5 species of bees, wasps and ants, 8 species of grasshoppers, 4 species of crickets, 4 species of mantids and one species of termite were recorded. The paper the first detailed observations on the insect species of Kanha National Park.

1 table, 30 ref

006888   Joshi H K;Bahuguna S N;Bahuguna P;Anup Raj; Bahuguna P;Dobriyal A K (Dep Zool, HNB Garhwal Univ Campus, Srinagar, Garhwal - 246 174) : Physiology of digestion in Tor putitora (Ham.) during different migratory phases. Aquacult 2005, 6(1), 97-100.

Paper deals with the study of digestive enzymes in Tor pulitora (Ham.) with respect to its migratory breeding behaviour. It has been concluded that during different migratory phases, the digestive physiology changes depending upon the changing feeding nature of fish due to breeding or ecological pressure. During premigratory phase, the fish feeds voraciously, but at the time of migration when the fish performs breeding, it stops feeding and consequently the physiology changes accordingly. The post migratory period begins with the resting phase and followed by the gradual development of gonads.

2 tables, 16 ref

006887   Jindal R;vatsal P (Fish Fish Lab Dep Zool, Panjab Univ, Chandigarh-160 014, Email: rjindal_pu@yahoo.com) : Plankton as biomonitors of saprobity. Aquacult 2005, 6(1), 11-16.

Biotic succession was studied in the sewage-sludge dilutions. a regressive succession was observed from isosaprobic to oligosaprobic condition. Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Chrysophyceae and Euglenophyceae among phytoplankton, and Protozoa (rhizopods, ciliates and flagellates), Rotifera, Cladocera, Copepoda and insect larvae among zooplankton showed succession in different saprobic conditions. The number of species increased with regressive succession. On the basis of presence, absence, abundance and frequency of appearance and disappearance of organisms during succession, bioindicators of saprobity have been designated. Forms like Chlorella vulgaris, C. variegatus, Euglena viridis, Brachionus angularis and larval of Chironomum sp. were found to be tolerant to organically polluted waters.

4 illus, 2 tatbles, 10 ref

006886   Jindal R;Kaur B (NO, , ) : Impact of ecological factors on heavy metal toxicity to Monia micrura Kurz, 1874. Aquacult 2004, 6(1), 77-80.

Bioassay experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of temperature and hardness on heavy metal toxicity to a freshwater cladoceran, Moina micrura Kurz, 1874. The toxicity of all the metals tested viz. Cd, Cu, Hg, Zn and Cr showed a direct correlation with temperature, and an inverse correlation with hardness. However, in case of Hg, the impact was less than that of other metals.

2 tables, 18 ref

006885   Jindal R;Jha S K (Fish Fish Lab Dep Zool, Panjab Univ, Chandigarh -160 0l4, Email: rjindal_pu@yahoo.com) : Lepidological and toxicological studies of monocrotophos : An organophosphate pesticide, on the scales of Cyprinus carpio var. communis Linn. Aquacult 2005, 6(1), 39-44.

Impact of monocrotophos - a widely used organophosphate pesticide was observed on the behavioural responses and the scales of a freshwater culturable exotic carp, Cyprinus carpio communis Linn. Acute bioassay studies made on the fish revealed 96 hr LC₅₀ values of monocrotophos at 25±5°C was 0.30 mg L^-1. Fishes treated with sub-lethal concentrations of the pesticide (0.10 mg L^-1 and 0.15 mg L^-1) showed hyper-excitability, erratic swimming, jerky movements and the tendency to escape from the aquaria. The prolonged exposure, however, reduced such responses and the fish became sluggish. It struggled hard for aerial breathing, showed restricted swimming movements and the number of air gulps had direct relationship with the increase in concentration of the toxicant. Morphologically, dispigmentation, loosening of scales, copious amount of mucous secretions and exophthalmic condition of eyes were other alterations that appeared during the exposure period. SEM studies on scales of the treated fish revealed that monocrotophos exposure induced loosening of scales by causing structural alterations of the lepidonts in the form of breakage and disorganization. The breaking of lepidonts occurred mostly in the case of scales treated with 0.10 mg L^-1 of the pesticide, while in case of 0.15 mg L^-1 the lepidonts were sloughed off from their sockets. Even the base (circuli), which provides anchorage to lepidonts, also got damaged at higher concentration.

2 plates, 20 ref

006884   Goswami U C;Sarma N N (Dep Zool (DST-FIST Govt India UGC-SAP sponsored Department), Gauhati Univ, Guwahati-781 014) : Growth and sexual maturation of Clarias batrachus in natural habitat of the Brahmaputra river system. Appl Fish Aquacult 2004, 4(1), 19-24.

Minimum length and weight of different spawn batches of Clarias batrachus were recorded from the agroclimatic conditions of Assam, India, as observed in their natural habitat in the wetlands of the lower reaches of the Brahmaputra river system. The April batch spawn with 2.7 cm average mean length attained the length of 11.5 cm next April (after 12 months). This is the lengthwise growth of the species within its first year. The corresponding weight of the April batch spawn showed 12 g, which is the weight developed within its first year. The length and weight in the subsequent year showed 20 cm and 85 g respectively. It has been observed that the fish attains sexual maturity and breeds only in the 2nd year. The growth observed from the length and weight of different batches of spawn (i.e. April-July) has been ascertained by a growth-clock model indicating the attainment of size, which in turn will depict the reproductive potentiality of the particular batch of spawn in the natural habitat.

2 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

006883   Eswaran R;Pramod P (NO, Salim Ali Cent for Ornithology and Nat Hist, Anaikatty P.O., Coimbatore- 641108, Email: pramodpalakkad@gmail.com) : Structure of butterfly community of Anaikatty hills, Western Ghats. Zoos Print J 2005, 20(8), 1939-42.

Community structure of butterflies was studied in the dry deciduous, thorny forest of Anaikatty hills, Western Ghats. Pierid butterflies showed greater abundance, which may be due to the relatively greater abundance of Capparaceae and Caesalpinaceae plants in the area. More species of Nymphalid butterflies were recorded from the area than any other family. Six endemic species and eight protected species listed under the Wildlife (Protection) Act were recorded from the area. The butterfly community did not show much variation between the sampling locations. The conservation value of the whole area is highlighted.

1 illus, 3 tables, 17 ref

006882   Dutta T;Acharya S;Das M K (NO, Cent Inld Fish Res Institute(Indian Coun of Agric Research), Barrackpore-700 120) : Imapact of water quality on the stress physiology of cultured Labeo rohita (Hamilton-Buchanan). J envir Biol 2005, 26(3), 585-92.

Investigation was conducted for 12 months in two water bodies, S1 with optimum water quality and S2 receiving sewage water. The water quality parameters were assessed in relation to the impact on the stress sensitive physiological parameters of fish Labeo rohita. While optimum levels of transparency, dissolved oxygen, unionised ammonia, alkalinity and hardness in S1 reflected inminimum variation of the physiological parameters of L. rohita but suboptimal levels of DO (nil-18.0 mg/l) and C0₂ (nil-16.0 mg/l) observed diurnally and unionised ammonia (0.11-0.42mg/l) found throughout the experimental period, resulted in significant variation in plasma cortisol (90.0-377.0 ng/ml), cholesterol (89.6-285.0 mg/dl) and condition factor (0.7-1.3) in L. rohita. The results are of significance for fish aquatic habitat management.

8 tables, 29 ref

006881   Das S;Sarker M;Mukhopadhyay A (Dep Zool Ent Res Unit, Univ of North Bengal, Siliguri-734 430) : Changing diversity of hymenopteran parasitoids from organically and conventionally managed tea-ecosystem of North Bengal, India. J envir Biol 2005, 26(3), 505-9.

Tea, camellia sinensis (L.) 0. Kuntze, is grown conventionally (application of chemical fertilizer and pesticides) as well as organically in Darjeelihg hills and adjoining plains. Studies on parasitic Hymenopiera gain relevance due to their effective role as biocontrol agents for maintenance of ecological balance and as biological indicators of health of tea agro-ecosystem. Diversity of the hymenopterans was studied using Shannon - Weaver index (1963) both at morphospecies and family levels. The analysis reflected the changing diversity of this group with season, pesticide application and the condition of the tea crop. It further indicated that mainly four parasitoid groups such as braconids, ichneumonids, eulophids and scelionids, showed greater diversity in organic plantation as compared to conventional. Since species (= RTU: recognizable taxonomic unit) diversity and family diversity indices agreed with one another a surrogacy based system (family for RTU) could be adopted for diversity analysis.

2 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

006880   Chandra K;Ahirwar S C (Cent Regional Stn, Zool Surv of India, Jabalpur-482002, Email: crszsijb@sancharnet.in) : Scarabaeid beetle of Bandhavgarh National Park, Madhya Pradesh. Zoos Print J 2005, 20(8), 1961-4.

Comprehensive survey of Bandhavgarh National Park in Madhya Pradesh revealed 44 species in 24 genera and eight subfamilies. Thirty-five species are first time records for Bandhavgarh National Park and Umaria district, and five species are new records for Madhya Pradesh state.

1 table, 9 ref

006879   Bish M S;Kukreti M;Shantibhusan (Dep Zool, HNB Garhwal Univ Campus, Pauri-246 001) : Relative abundance and distribution of bird fauna of Garhwal Himalaya. Ecol Envir Conserv 2004, 10(4), 451-60.

Survey in 24 sites along the altitudinal gradient (from the foothills of the terrai to the alpine scrub region) of Garhwal Himalaya resulted in identification of 290 bird species representing 14 orders and 51 families. Passerriformes is the most crowded order and Turdidae being the largest family represented by 32 species. The fauna includes 3 threatened, viz. Gyps indicus, Gyps bengalensis and Catreus wallichii, 17 endemic and 6 near endemic species of the Indian sub continent. Twentyone species were found to have widespread distribution and common to very common; and six of the sites, viz.,Tewakhal, Panduwakhal, Mandal, Maitakund, Gairsain and Chopta, have rich bird fauna as indicated by species richness index (SRI) of <62>9.0.

2 tables, 13 ref

006878   Bairagee A;Bairagi S P;Kalita J (Dep Zool, Gauhati Univ, Guwahati-781 014) : Tall grassland and habitat and its diversity in Pabitora Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam. J Ecobiol 2005, 17(3), 269-73.

Tall grasslands of Indian sub-continent, once widely distributed, now restricted only to protected areas of northern India and Nepal. In Assam, Pabitora Wildlife Sanctuary is one of such grassland sanctuary where grassland covers 72.25% of the total area. The grasslands are studied according to the relative abundance of different dominant tall grass species. Highly disturbed and grazing areas are dominated by Imperata cylindrica. Erianthus ravanae prefers seasonally inundated sites. Saccharum sp. is dominant in wet sites. Phragmites karka prefers watershed area. Seasonal flood, unplanned fire, cutting and grazing affect the distribution of grasslands in Pabitora. It is a mainly Imperata dominated grassland covering 40% of the total area while Saccharum, Erianthus and Phragmites cover 20, 30, and 10% respectively. Immediate conservation strategies are required to save the grassland habitat of the sanctuary, which is the major habitat for one horned Rhinoceros, wild buffalo, wild pig etc.

16 ref

006877   Ambatkar M S;Kulkarni A S;Gadegone M M (Dep Zool, Dr. Ambedkar Coll, Chandrapur-442 401) : Studies on the prevalence of bacterial pathogen in the diseased Indian Major carps of Nagpur region. Ecol Envir Conserv 2004, 10(4), 511-4.

Studies on isolation and identification of bacterial fish pathogens from diseased Indian major carps (Lobeo rohita, Catla catla, and Cirrhanus mrigala) of different freshwater aquaculture of Nagpur region. Out of 58 diseased Indian major carps tested Aeromonas hydrophila was associated with almost all diseased conditions followed by presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Bacillus sp, and S. aureus. The pathogens were isolated and identified from variety of diseased spectra e.g. skin infection, dropsy, tail and fin rot, and kidney disease on the basis of morphological, biochemical and cultural characteristics.

2 tables, 10 ref

005796   Wilsanand V (NO, Sree Narayana Coll, Alathur, Palakkad-678 682, Email: wilsanand@yahoo.com) : Utilization of termite, Odontotermes formosanus by tribes of South India in medicine and food. Nat Prod Radiance 2005, 4(2), 121-5.

Termites form an important part of the diet of human beings around the world including India. It is also rich source of food for various other vertebrates and plants. By food value, termites are rich source of protein, thus forming an important diet for pregnant women and children. Termites are also used in South Indian folk medicine. Many South Indian tribes including `Kannikaran', `Paniyan', `Palliyan', `Sholaga', `Irular' and `Kota' have been using the termite Odontotermes formosanus Shiraki for the treatment of asthma, a disease likely to be deteriorated by viral infection. `Kannikaran' and `Palliyan' tribes also have been using O. formosanus as food to enhance lactation in women. Preliminary studies confirm the antimicrobial potentialities of O. formosanus, besides a role in growth and development, thus supporting the tribal remedies.

1 table, 29 ref

005795   Vijayasree A S;Divya L;Sreejith P;Cyril J; Smita M;Oommen O V (Dep of Zool, Univ of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram-695 581, Email: oommen@bigfoot.com) : Insulin regulates ionic metabolism in a fresh water teleost, Anabas testudineus (Bloch). Indian J expl Biol 2005, 43(8), 702-9.

Short term effects of insulin on total brain and branchial Na⁺K⁺ATPase, Ca²⁺ ATPase and Na⁺, K⁺ and Ca²⁺ ions were investigated in A. testudineus. The increase in brain Ca²⁺ATPase after alloxan treatment may account for an increased amount of intracellular calcium required for biochemical events taking place inside the cells. Branchial Na⁺K⁺ATPase was significantly stimulated while Ca²⁺ATPase significantly inhibited after alloxan treatment. This suggests that alloxan exerts its inhibitory effect on the ATP-driven Ca²⁺ transport via; its action on the Ca²⁺ pump protein rather than the membrane permeability to Ca²⁺. The increased activity of brain Na⁺K⁺ATPase at 3 and 24 hr by insulin to alloxan pretreated fish may account for the stimulated co-transport of glucose and its utilization for energy requirements and the excitatory action on neurons in the brain. The elevated brain Ca²⁺ATPase may be due to the role of calcium as a second messenger in hormone action. At 24 hr, the activity of branchial Na⁺K⁺ATPase and Ca²⁺ATPase in alloxan pretreated specimens was significantly stimulated by insulin. This may be due to increased synthesis of these enzyme units. Administration of insulin (IU/fish) in normal fish significantly inhibited the activity of brain and branchial Na⁺K⁺ATPase while brain Ca²⁺ATPase showed a stimulatory effect at 3 and 24 hr compared to control. Inhibition of total branchial Ca²⁺ATPase activity by insulin may be due to increased Ca²⁺ concentration. Higher plasma glucose level in alloxan treated groups confirms the diabetic effect of alloxan. Insulin reverses this effect. The possible mechanism by which insulin controls Na⁺K⁺ATPase activity appears to be tissue specific. The results seem to be the first report on the effect of insulin on ATPase activity in a teleost. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that insulin performs a role in hydro mineral regulation in freshwater teleosts.

6 illus, 2 tables, 35 ref

005794   Vardhani V V (Dep of Zool, Nagarjuna Univ, Nagarjuna Nagar-522 510) : Comparison of transaminase changes in liver of Labeo rohita due to oral and intramuscular administration of antigen. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2005, 7(1), 137-9.

Effect of 1.0 mg and 2.0 mg of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on liver transaminases was studied in labeo rohita. The soluble antigen BSA induced considerable elevation of liver transminases when administered orally and intramuscularly. The higher increase of liver transaminases in animals received antigen via intramuscular route suggests that possibly the antigen has reached the liver directly instead of undergoing processing when given orally. The magnitude of hepatic response has been shown to be route dependent for injected antigen, BSA.

1 tables, 16 ref

005793   Tabassum R;Gabol K (Dep of Zool, Univ of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan) : Toxic effect of carbamate, organophosphate, pyrethroid and CuSO₄ on the fresh water snail Helisoma trivolvis. Biosci Res Bull 2005, 21(1), 1-10.

Toxic effect of four groups of pesticide (Carbamate, Organophosphate, Pyrethroid and CuSO₄) were observed after 24.48 and 72 hrs of treatment against fresh water snail Helisoma trivolvis by WHO method. The Lc₅₀ of Carbamate was found to be 560 ppm. Organophosphate was found to be 3600 ppm, Pyrethroid was found to be 15 ppm and CuSO₄ was found to be 0.13 ppm respectively. Toxic effects of all test chemicals were also observed after 24, 48 and 72 hrs. They produced high range of mortality. On the basis of observation it could be concluded that CuSO₄ most toxic than other compound for fresh water snail Helisoma trivolvis. The effectiveness of compound were. CuSO₄<62>Pyrethroid<62>Carbamate<6 2> Organophosphate.

4 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

005792   Sisodia S;Singh B N (Genet Liboratory Dep of Zool, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi, Email: bnsingh@bhu.ac.in) : Genetics of sexual behaviour of Drosophila. Indian J expl Biol 2005, 43(7), 575-95.

The analysis of genetics of behaviour within and between species provides important clues about the forces shaping the evolution of behavioural genes. In Drosophila. a number of key processes such as emergence from the pupal case, locomotor activity, feeding, olfaction and aspects of mating behaviour are under circadian regulation. Genes controlling sexual behaviour are likely to control species specific differences in courtship that are involved in reproductive isolation of closely related species. Courtship in Drosophila is characterized by a series of stereotyped behaviours that lead to copulation and more than 30 genes have been identified through mutations that affect one or more of these elements. Although curiosity about behavioural differences between the sexes undoubtedly predates recorded history, little efforts have been made to uncover the molecular basis of male and female courtship. The brain and nervous system functions that underlie sex-specific behaviour are of obvious importance to all animals including humans. To understand behaviour related to sex it is important to distinguish those aspects that are controlled genetically. The isolation and analysis of Drosophila mutants with altered sexual orientation lead to the identification of novel branches in the sex-determination cascade, which govern the sexually dimorphic development of the nervous system.

^iia205 ref

005791   Siddique Y H;Afzal M (Sect of Genetisc Dep of Zool, Aligarh Muslim Univ, Aligarh-202 002, Email: yasir_hasansiddique@rediffmail.com) : Protective role or allicin and L-ascorbic acid against the genotoxic damage induced by chlormadinone acetate in cultured human lymphocytes. Indian J expl Biol 2005, 43(9), 769-72.

Different doses of allicin and L-ascorbic acid were tested against the genotoxic damage induced by chlormadinone acetate (CMA; 40 μM) using chromosomal aberrations (CAs) and sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) as the parameters. Treatment with allicin and L-ascorbic acid resulted in reduction of CAs and SCEs. The results suggested a protective role of allicin and L-ascorbic acid against CMA induced genotoxic damage.

2 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

005790   Shafei M N;Boskabady M H;Parsaee H (Dep of Physiol Ghaem Med Cent, Mashhad Univ of Med Sci, Mashhad, 91735, Iran, Email: m-boskabady@mums.ac.ir) : Effect of aqueous extract from Nigella sativa L. on guinea pig isolated heart. Indian J expl Biol 2005, 43(7), 635-9.

A potent inhibitory effect of aqueous extract from N. sativa on calcium channel of guinea pig hearts was found comparable and even greater than that of diltazem. The results may also indicate an opening effect for the plant on potassium channel of isolated heart.

1 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

005789   Sastry M S;Gupta S N (Dep of Zool, Nagpur Univ Campus, Nagpur-440 033) : Fructose and testosterone levels : their correlations with sperm counts in the Indian palm squirrel, (Funambulus pennanti (Wroughton) treated with depo provera alone or in combination with testosterone ester. Biosci Res Bull 2005, 21(1), 53-61.

To determine the concentration of fructose level from the seminal vesicles during different phases of sperm concentration with the plasma testosterone level in squirrel treated with Depo Provera alone or in combination with testosterone ester in male squirrels, Funambulus pennanti, low (1 mg) and high (5 mg) dose of Depo Provera alone or in combination with testosterone ester were administered intramuscularly for various duration to adult male squirrels. The sperm count, fructose estimation and the serum testosterone levels were determined to evaluate its antifertility activity because estimation of fructose concentrations have been assumed to be good and easily accessable indices of androgenic activity during male reprodution. The treatment resulted different phases of sperm concentration leading to azoospermic, oligospermic and oligozoospermic sperm concentration indirectly reflecting to the fructose content and testosterone level. Depo proxera either alone or in combination with testosterone ester induces structural disturbances and thus decrease in the secretory capacities of the seminal vesicle which are under stringent androgenic control.

4 illus, 5 tables, 20 ref

005788   Nayak L;Patnaik K C;Padhy R (Post Grad Dep of Mar Scineces, Berhampur Univ, Berhampur-760 007) : Trace metal concentration in some marine organisms from Gopalpur coast, India. Indian J Fish 2005, 52(1), 99-104.

Concentration of the trace metals (lead, zinc, chromium and cobalt) in some representative commercially important marine organisms (shrimps, crabs and fishes) from Gopalpur coast in the east coast of India was studied during April 2002. Zinc accumulation was more compared to other metals. The concentration of lead varied between 0.001 - 0.41 ppm, zinc 0.31 - 4.3 ppm, chromium 0.02 - 0.15 ppm and cobalt 0.006 - 0.2 ppm, which showed that Gopalpur coastal water was less polluted by these heavy metals. The orders of accumulation of heavy metals in different tissues were carapace <62> muscle in shrimps and crabs and liver <62> gill <62> muscle in fishes. The pattern of accumulation of the metals was in order of Zn <62> Pb <62> Co <62>Cr.

2 tables, 31 ref

005787   Murugesan A G;John Ruby;Gabriel paulraj M; Sukumaran N (Manonmaniam Sundaranar Univ, Sri Paramakalyani Cent for Environmental Sci, Alwarkurchi-627 412, Email: agmspkce@rediffmail.com ) : Impact of different densities and temperature regimes on the feeding behaviour of water hyacinathy weevils, Neochetina bruchi and Neochetina eichhorniae on Eichnornia crassipes. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2005, 7(1), 73-6.

Eichhornia crassipes is one of the most envious awaited weeds that cause serious ecological and economic problems several arthropodan species have been found to attack water hyacinth, but the Neochetina weevils, Neochetina bruchi and Neochetina eichhorniae are identified as the potential candidates for biological control. Work on biological control has been initiated in many countries employing these biocontrol agents and the results have been very much promising. Bio-control potential of the weevils at various temperature and different density of weevils were investigated. Maximum feeding occurred at 30°C, hence the optimum temperature for feeding was found to be 30°C. Feeding rate is maximum with 4-6 insects per plant hence this is the optimum density for food consumption.

2 tables, 19 ref

005786   Jangir O P;Suthar P;Shekhawat D V S;Acharya P;Swami K K;Sharma M (Developmental Biol Laboratory Dep of Zool, , Dungar College, Email: op_jangir2003@yahoo.com) : The "Third Eye" - a new concept of trans-differentiation of pineal gland into median eye in amphibian tadpoles of Bufo melanostictus. Indian J expl Biol 2005, 43(8), 671-8.

Median third eye was found to develop from transplanted pineal gland of external gill stage tadpoles in the recipient 5 toe stage tadpoles of Bufo melanostictus. Pineal gland along with a bit part of brain tissue of the donor external gill stage tadpole was cut out and transplanted into a pit made between two lateral eyes of 5 toe stage recipient tadpoles. Half of the operated tadpoles were treated with vitamin A (15 IU/ml.) for 15 days. Median "third eye" was found to develop in the both untreated and vitamin A treated tadpoles. However, vitamin A increased the percentage of the development of median eyes. Morphological and histological study revealed that newly transformed median eyes were similar to that of normal functional eyes. A stalk like structure developed which connects the median eye to the brain. The median third eye could not develop when pineal gland of 5 toe stage mature tadpole was transplanted into the tadpole of the same age.

7 illus, 1 table, 38 ref

005785   Jangir O P;Modi D;Sharma M (Developmental Biol Laboratory Dep of Zool, Dungar Coll, Bikaner-334 001) : Effect of vitamin A on lens regeneration in pigs. Indian J expl Biol 2005, 43(8), 679-85.

Intraperitoneal injections of vitamin A (0.5 ml of 1500 IU/ml) to lentectomized pigs on alternate days up to 60th day after lentectomy induced lens regeneration in not only 10 days old young ones but also in 40 and 100 days old pigs. Lens regeneration did not occur even in a single case of control groups. In shape, size, transparency and histological features regenerated lenses were similar to normal intact lenses. The experimental model is the first to show that mitogenic and dedifferentiate activity of vitamin A can induce iris pigmented epithelial cells to trans-differentiate into new lens in pigs.

5 illus, 1 table, 37 ref

005784   Jackson K;Abraham M;Degani G (Sch of Scinece and Technol, Tel Hai Coll, Upper Galilee, Israel) : Cellular events in adenohypophysis of Trichogaster trichopterus (Pallas) during final oocyte maturation. Indian J Fish 2005, 52(1), 1-13.

A histological study using light and electronic microscopy was conducted on the pituitary cellular structure of gourami (Trichogaster trichopterus) to observe changes occurring during the reproductive cycle of the female. The main changes were detected when the ovary passed from vitellogenesis to final oocyte maturation (FOM) in gonadotropin cells, whereas no changes were found in other cells. A general decrease in the staining of the entire region of GtH cells was noted at the start of the maturation process. An increase in the number of chromophobic cells was detected mainly along the periphery. Some GtH cells of fish found at FOM showed nuclei that were more hypertrophic than those of vitellogenic females. At the ultra-structural level, a decrease in the number of secretory granules in some GtH cells of females examined during FOM was detected, however large globules characterizing this cell type were still found. In fish examined after larvae were found in the nest (at least 48 hours after spawning), the gonadotropic cells showed a staining pattern similar to that found in non-reproductive fish.

18 illus, 23 ref

005783   Gangan S S;Paniprasad K;Balange A K (Cent Inst of Fish Educ, , Fisheries University Road, Seven Bunglows, Versova, Mumbai-400 061) : Mouse bioassy. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2005, 7(1), 173-4.

An experiment was conducted to ascertain the lethal effect of Vibrio toxin on male albino mice (Kasauli) weighing 20±2 gm. During the experiment, it was observed that the minimum lethal dose in case of crude Vibrio toxin was found to be 0.9 ml at which death occurred at 45 sec. In case of fraction, the minimum lethal dose was found to be only one fraction, i.e. F-13.

3 illus, 2 tables

005782   Gangan S S;Paniprasad K;Balance A K (Cent Inst of Fish Educ, , Fisheries University Road, Seven Bunglows, Versova, Mumbai-400 061) : Effect of vibriotoxin on certain cell lines. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2005, 7(1), 157-60.

The major constrain in any aquaculture system is the spread of diseases. Pathogenic Vibrio causes the enzootic diseases in the fish. Vibriosis is an enzootic diseases in the fish, recorded from all over the world. Vibrio is a gram negative, straight or slightly curved rods and ubiquitous fish pathogens producing endotoxin which is hemolysin and cytotoxic in nature. Attempts were made to observe the effect of Vibroi toxin on certain cell lines. The changes observed in liver cell lines of mouse with inoculation of Vibrio toxin gave rapid loss of morphological rigidity and viability, swelling and syncia formation. Also rounding detaching and clubbing the cells.

7 illus, 13 ref

005781   Choudhary S A (NO, , Shyamial and Ramesh Chand, Shop No. 3, Sector - A, Block-D, Green Belt Park, Gandhi Nagar, Jammu-180 004) : Role of plant extract on sex-ratio of mutant (Drosophila melanogaster. Mendel int J 2005, 22(3-4), 113-14.

Experiment was conducting by using nicotine (plant extract) for the management of mutant (Sepia) Drosophila melanogaster. It has been estimated that LC50 2.4558 μl/100 ml food is threshold of lethality. Studies reveal that nicotine showed its pronounced effects on sex-ratio (males & females).

1 table, 12 ref

004844   Zaheer Khan M (Zool Dep, Univ of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan, Email: zaheerk2k@yahoo.com) : Loss in amphibian population due to habitat destruction, fragmentation, alteration and environmental pollution in freshwater ecosystems. J expl Zool 2005, 8(2), 393-400.

People often modify or manage ecosystems to enhance the production of one or more goods, such as crops or trees or water storage. Habitat destruction, fragmentation, alteration and environmental pollution including using of pesticides are probably the most serious causes of amphibian population declines and species extinction. Naearly one-third (32%) of the world's amphibian species are threatened, representing 1,856 species. The largest numbers of threatened species occur in Latin American countries such as Colombia (208), Mexico (191), and Ecuador (163). The highest levels of threat, however, are in the Caribbean, where more than 80% of amphibians are threatened in the Dominican Republic, Cuba, and Jamaica, and a staggering 92% in Haiti. Pakistan has 198 freshwater fish species, including 29 endemic species, and 29 species of amphibians including 18 species of frog. There are moe than 400 freshwater wetlands including 19 Ramsar sites.

2 tables, 35 ref

004843   Vijayalakshmi G (Department of Zoology, Hindu College, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh) : Biochemical changes induced in the larval haemolymph of Spodoptera litura (Fab.) by Peribaea orbata (Wied). Andhra Agric J 2004, 51(1-2), 122-7.

Biochemical changes occurred in the larvae of Spodoptera litura (Fab.) parasitized by a tachinid parasitoid, Peribaea orbata (Wied.) indicate significant increase in specific gravity, total haemocyte count, hydrogen ion concentration, total solids, proteins, lipids, sodium, potassium, inorganic phosphate, acid phosphatase activity and significant decrease in quantity of haemolymph, glycogen, uric acid, cholesterol and calcium and insignificant decrease in aikaline phosphatase activity were noted. Pigments in the haemolymph were altered due to parasitization.

1 table, 24 ref

004842   Thavamathi A;Suresh D;Balachandran C; Jayathangaraj M G (Wildlife Sci Dep, Madras Vet Coll, Chennai-600 007) : Studies on the levels of serum calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase in healthy and hunch-backed mugger crocodiles (Crocodilus palustris). Tamilnadu J vet Anim Sci 2005, 1(1-2), 52-3.

1 illus, 1 table, 3 ref

004841   Subramanian P;Amutha C;Kannan R (Anim Sci Dep, Bharathidasan Univ, Tiruchirappalli-620 024, Email: pofsubbus@rediffmail.com) : Impact of photoperiod on molt and growth of the juvenile freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium malcolmsonii. J expl Zool 2005, 8(2), 381-8.

Molt and growth of juvenile freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium malcolmsonii exposed to different photoperiods were investigated. Uniform sized juvenile prawns were divided into four triplicate sets containing ten individuals each. They were reared for 60 days under any one of the following light : dark condition (hr.) L 0.30 : D 23.30; L4 : D 20; L6 : D 18 and L8 : D 16. The length and weight of individual prawn were measured at every 15 days interval. In 60 days photobiology study the prawn reared under prolonged darkness (L 0.30 : D 23.30 and L4 : D 20) showed significant increase in length than those reared under other light : dark conditions. The weight gain was maximum in juveniles reared under L4 : D20 condition suggest that elongated darkness have positive effect on the growth of juvenile M. malcolmsonii, but they require at least 2 hr light for their routine activity. Similarly to understand the time of the molting, equal sized juveniles (ten each in triplicate) were observed at 3 hr interval for 60 days. In a day, molting was taken placed up to 15 hrs and no molt between 15 to 24 hr. Maximum (54%) molting was noticed between 3 to 6 hr. Observation made at every one hour interval between (already ear marked) 3 to 6 hr for 35 days revealed that molting was more between 4 and 5 hr. Because of its frequent molting and less molting interval M. malcolmsonii is called a diecdysic animal.

7 illus, 29 ref

004840   Singh A;Gupta S P (Zool Dep, D.A.V. (PG) Colloge, Muzaffarnagar-251 001) : Haematological changes in fish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) under the stress of light alkali metal lithium. J expl Zool 2005, 8(2), 401-03.

Paper deals with some haematological alterations in blood of Heteropneustes fossilis in response to lithium nitrate administration. Data on the anomalies induced by lithium nitrate exposure for 96 hr and 30 days in the blood parameters of Heteropneustes fossilis reveal that erythrocyte count and Hb% decreases by more than 25 to 38% respectively causing anaemia. Number of RBC decreased while WBC increased in the treated fish. MCV, MCHC, MCH values were also altered in the treated fish. Protein content was more reduced due to acute exposure in chronic stage. GOT and GPT activity was also enhanced with lapse of exposure time.

1 table, 11 ref

004839   Siddiqui R;Ara A (Section of Genetics Department of Zoology, A M U, Aligarh-202 002) : The karyotypic study of the mosquito Anopheles subpitus Grassi. Indian J appl pure Biol 2004, 19(2), 131-4.

Anopheles subpictus belongs to the family Culicidae. The diploid chromo-some number (2x=6) shows that it consists of three pairs of chromosomes. The smallest pair is sex determining acrocentric in shape and designated as chromosome I while the other two chromosomal pairs are autosomes metacentric and designated as chromosome II and III pairs respectively. The percent relative length and centromerte indices were calculated and shape was determined accordingly. Brain and gonadal tissue were used for slide preparation.

3 tables, 6 ref

004838   Shashi Kiran;Sunil kumar;Kanchan (Zool Dep, D.A.V (P.G) College, Dehradun-248 001) : Prevalence of gastro-intestinal helminthes in sheep and goats in Dehradun. J expl Zool 2005, 8(2), 281-3.

The observations are undertaken to elucidate the prevalence of various gastrointestinal infection in sheep and goat. The study comprises survey of three major localities in the state of Dehradun mainly in Majra, Vikasnagar and Gullar ghati. Two hundred fifty intestines were randomly collected from the local abattoir from freshly slaughtered sheep and goat from all the three areas selected for work. The prevalence of cestode, Moneizia expansa (100%); nematodes Oesophagostomum columbianum (70%); Trichuris species (70%) highest the samples collected from Gullar ghati. In Vikas nagar the infection of helminthes is lower (60% Moneizia, 30% Oesophagostomum, 10% Trichuris). However infection was observed lowest at Majra of all the three parasites, Moneizia, Oesophagostomum and Trichuris respectively as it is a town area and people are more careful about their cattle.

1 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

004837   Saxena K K;Gupta P (Pest and Parasite Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bareilly College, Bareilly-243 005) : Pyrethroids induced toxicity to muscle glycogen contents in Channa punctatus (Bl.). Proc Natn Acad Sci India-Sect B 2005, 75(part II), 103-6.

Effects of exposure to sublethal concentrations of pyrethroid pesticides λ-cyhalothrin (0.0002, 0.0003, 0.00032 and 0.00036 ppm) and permethrin (0.072, 0.080, 0.088 and 0.16 ppm) on glycogen contents in muscles of the fresh-water fish Channa punctatus were studied upto 30 days on interval of 5 days. It was observed that both pyrethroids (λ-cyhalothrin and permethrin) caused decrease in muscle glycogen contents in Channa punctatus. This decrease was more with increase in the period of exposure and concentration of pyrethroids. Probable role of λ-cyhalothrin and permethrin on the muscle glycogen contents of the experimental fish Channa punctatus has been discussed.

2 tables, 30 ref

004836   Sarma K;Bhattacharyya M;Sarma N K;Mukit A (Anat and Histology Dep, Coll of Vet Sci Assam Agric Univ, Khanapara, Guwahati-781 022) : Comparative studies on the lipid and phospholipid content in the mucous membrane of the fore stomach of mithun (Bos frontalis), yak (Bos grunniens) and zebu (Bos indicus). Tamilnadu J vet Anim Sci 2005, 1(1-2), 54-6.

^ssc2 tables, 3 ref

004835   Pugazhendy K;Jayanthi C;Kanaga K (Zool Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalainagar-608 002) : Effect of lead intoxication on total free aminoacid and glutamate dehydrogenase in liver and muscle tissues of a fresh water fish, Cyprinus carpio (Linn). J expl Zool 2005, 8(2), 361-4.

The effect of sublethal concentrations of Lead acetate (0-52 mg/l), was examined on the levels of total free amino acids and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) in liver and muscle tissues of a fresh water fish, Cyprinus carpio. The stress caused by Lead led to significant decrease in total free amino acids and increase in GDH of both the tissues investigated. The role of liver and muscle amino acids and GDH during lead intoxication also has been discussed.

1 table, 16 ref

004834   Pillai S S;Jagadeesan G (Zool Dep, Annamali Univ, Annamalainagar-608 002) : Influence of taurine on phosphatases activity in selected tissues of mercuric chloride intoxicated mice. J expl Zool 2005, 8(2), 295-300.

The efficacy of taurine on the median-lethal dose (LD₅₀) of mercuric chloride intoxicated animal was examined. Oral administration of mercuric chloride (12.9 mg/kg body wt.) induced tissue damage which indicated by increasing level of acid and alkaline phosphatase in liver and kidney tissues respectively. After mercury intoxication the animals were again administrated with taurine (5 mg/kg body wt.) was orally supplemented. During this period, the acid and alkaline phosphatases were declined in the respective tissues due to influence of taurine, it is an as antioxidant. The study incicated that taurine plays a vital role in reducing the mercury toxicity and protect tissue damage in mice, Mus musculus.

2 tables, 26 ref