003534   KUMAR M S, SUSHEELA R, RAMULU V, SURENDRABABU P (Agronomy Dep, Agriculture Coll, Rajendranagar, PJTSAU, Hyderabad, Telangana) : Effect of weed management practices on yield and nutrient uptake of fodder maize (Zea mays L.). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 122-4.

A field experiment was conducted at College farm, College of Agriculture, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during kharif 2017. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with nine treatments and three replications. The soil of the experimental field was sandy loam in texture, neutral in reaction (pH 7.38) and available nitrogen (264.6 kg/ha), phosphorus (30.9 kg/ha) and potassium (299.8 kg/ha). Green, dry fodder and crude protein yield was significantly higher (68.26 t/ha, 15.51 t/ha and 1364 kg/ha respectively) with hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS and it was closely followed by topramezone 33.6% SC @ 25.2 g a.i ha^-1 + atrazine 50 % WP @ 500 g a.i ha^-1 tank mix as PoE at 20 DAS (64.94 t/ha, 14.76 t/ha and 1312 kg/ha respectively) and tembotrione 42 % SC @ 105 g a.i ha^-1 + atrazine 50 % WP @ 500 g a.i ha^-1 tank mix as PoE at 20 DAS (63.38 t/ha, 14.41 t/ha and 1286 kg/ha respectively). Hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS recorded highest uptake of N, P, K by crop (218.38 kg/ha, 42.73 kg/ha and 178.86 kg/ha respectively), which was on par with topramezone 33.6 % SC @ 25.2 g a.i ha^-1 + atrazine 50 % WP @ 500 g a.i ha^-1 tank mix as PoE at 20 DAS (210.03 kg/ha, 40.07 kg/ha and 168.71 kg/ha respectively) and tembotrione 42 % SC @ 105 g a.i ha^-1 + atrazine 50 % WP @ 500 g a.i ha^-1 tank mix as PoE at 20 DAS (205.87 kg/ha, 38.43 kg/ha and 161.44 kg/ha).

2 tables, 10 ref

003574   PANDEY S, PANDEY R K, SINGH D K, SINGH O (PG Coll, Ghazipur, Uttar Pradesh) : Drudgery reduction of farm women using Naveen sickle. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 104-6.

Ghazipur district of Uttar Pradesh has Rice-Wheat cropping pattern in which wheat is the main and most important crop. Harvesting of wheat crop is very drudgery prone task in agriculture domain performed by farm women. It is performed solely by farm women through traditional iron made sickle. It is full of drudgery prone and energy intensive activity in wheat harvesting. The present investigation study the existing traditional sickle used by farm women in the wheat harvesting of Ghazipur district in Uttar Pradesh. Therefore, FLD was conducted to develop farm women friendly sickle for reducing drudgery. It was further replaced with improved sickle i.e. Naveen Sickle in FLD considering the dimensions and ergonomic aspects. 30 farm women were selected from two villages of Ghazipur district for demonstration of Naveen Sickle. And further study was conducted to compare existing sickle and Naveen sickle in wheat harvesting. It was noticed that improved Naveen sickle resulted higher harvesting area and efficiency than the existing sickle. The improved sickle is highly acceptable among farm women. The result found that improved sickle was helpful in reducing the drudgery level, time saving and cost up to 34 per cent as compared to traditional sickle.

1 illus, 3 tables, 4 ref

003483   GARG V, TIWARI N, RAJWADE O (Agronomy Dep, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh) : Biology of dominant weed species in direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Chhattisgarh plains. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 77-8.

A field experiment was conducted at Raipur to study the Biology of dominant weed species in direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Chhattisgarh plains. Major weed flora were allowed to grow Echinochloa colona, Cyperus iria, Alternanthera triandra, Spilanthes acmella, Cyanotis axilaris). Studies on biology of different weed species at different intervals shows the growth pattern, life cycle, seed producing capacity of various dominant weeds, Echinochloa colona (4041 seeds plant ^-1), Cyperus iria (6550 seeds plant ^-1), Alternanthera triandra (1788 seeds plant ^-1), Spilanthes acmella (5920 seeds plant ^-1) and Cyanotis axillaris (470 seeds plant ^-1).

1 table, 9 ref

003572   PANDEY D K, DE H K, GEETARANI L, HAZARIKA B N (Social Science Dep, Central Agricultural Univ, Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh) : Problems and prospects of agricultural diversification in shifting cultivation area of North East India: An empirical study. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 69-73.

Tribal people have distinct problems and prospects on agricultural diversification based on demographic, socio-economic and geographical conditions. Diversification activities make greater contribution to generate cash incomes for poorer households and it is a key strategy by which people try to make ends meet and improve their well-being. The present paper intends to analyze the problems and prospects in diversification of agriculture in north east India. In case of agricultural diversification choice, vegetable cultivation (MS, 4.23), fruits orchard (MS, 4.19) and spice production (MS, 4.18) were identified by the respondents as top three strategies for livelihood diversification in shifting cultivation area and ranked I, II and III respectively. Among several impediments, the infrastructural constraints (GMS, 2.36) emerged as the most important constraint that hinders the different options of crop diversification. The paper discusses several issues that require attention on priority basis for accelerating the pace of agricultural diversification among Jhumias.

5 tables, 14 ref

003663   TALANG D, FATMI U, SANDEEP K, RAQUIB A (Horticulture Dep, Sam Higginbottom Univ of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh) : Evaluation of different hybrids of petunia (Petunia hybrida) under Allahabad agro-climatic conditions. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 66-8.

The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the performance of 11 different hybrids including control of petunia (Petunia hybrida) under Allahabad agro-climatic conditions. Significant differences were observed for all the growth, development and flowering parameters during the period of experimentation but for a number of leaves and earliness, it was found to be non-significant. The data revealed that maximum plant height (13.76 cm), number of leaves (67.00) and number of the branch (11.67) was recorded in hybrid Super Rose. The number of buds (27.22) and the number of flowers (27.22) per plant were found to be maximum in hybrid Sup-Yellow. Earliness was recorded in hybrid Crimson star (55.77 days) among all the hybrids and hybrid Sup-Burgandy recorded maximum diameter of full bloom (5.77 cm). Plant spread (24.22) was obtained maximum in hybrid Sup-Red, whereas, the maximum duration of flowering was noted in Sup-Salmon (33.77 days).

1 tables, 21 ref

003471   DHEER P, PURSHOTTAM, SINGH V (SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu) : Classifying wheat varieties using machine learning model. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 47-9.

Machine learning models viz., Logistic Regression, Linear Discriminant Analysis, K-Nearest Neighbor’s and Naïve-Bayes were studied for their accuracy, precision and recall accommodating 100 samples each of five most important metric traits namely, plant height, number of fertile tillers/plant, spike length, number of spikelets/spike and number of grains /spikes in seven diverse and promising wheat varieties (DBW 14, Halana, NW 1012, NW 2036, Raj. 3077, UP 2338 and WH 147) in order to use the best one model for classifying the varieties. The average accuracy of Logistic Regression, Linear Discriminant Analysis, K-Nearest Neighbor’s and Naïve-Bayes was 97.32 %, 98.57 %, 99.38 % and 98.78 %, respectively. The precision and recall of test data set of all 7 varieties were 100 %. The K-NN model was thus found to be out performed over other models under studied and could therefore effectively be utilized for characterizing, classifying and or identifying the wheat varieties.

1 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

003657   SRIVASTAVA D, KUMAR A (Plant Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Dep, Narendra Deva Univ of Agriculture and Science, Kumarganj, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh) : Study of endospore forming bacteria in rhizosphere soil having insecticidal activity against Helicoverpa armigera: Microbial cells based bio-insecticide. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 43-6.

Helicoverpa armigera feed on a wide range of many important cultivated crops hence has become an economic important insect pest. It damages the entire crop by boring the pod or fruits of crops hence named as pod borer as it bores the chick pea pod, cotton and other crops so commonly known as gram pod borer. Pod borer is the most polyphagous and cosmopolitan pest species. In this present work endospore forming bacteria were isolated by sodium acetate and heat shock methods. These isolates were then screened to study the presence of endospores and crystal structures within the bacterial cells with the help of malachite green and CBB staining respectively. The positive strains were selected for cell based insecticidal test where we feed the entire bacteria cells to pod borer to detect their insecticidal properties. All of the potent insecticidal bacteria were gram positive rod shaped bacteria and other biochemical properties resembling with Bacillus spp. as partial identification results. As we got four potent insecticidal bacteria out of 17 isolates of endospore forming bacteria that were named as D1, D2, D3 and D4. These results are showing that it is possible to get insecticidal strains naturally present in soil samples, which we can isolate to produce microbial cell based bio-control as an eco-friendly and cost effective bioinsecticide.

3 illus, 6 tables, 12 ref

003632   SHRIDHAR B P, SHARMA M, SHARMA A (Plant Pathology Dep, Dr. YS Parmar Univ of Horticulture and Forestry, Neri, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh) : Efficacy of aqueous and cow-urine based biopesticides against Phytophthora nicotianae var. Parasitica causing buckeye rot of tomato. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 28-31.

Buckeye rot of tomato, caused by Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica, is a serious threat to the crop production and has taken a heavy toll of the crop in India which affects mostly the fruits during both spring and winter season crops. In the present investigation, aqueous and cow-urine based leaf extracts of five plants viz., Lantana camara, Artemisia vulgaris, Murraya koenigii, Eucalyptus tereticornis and Melia azaderach were evaluated for their efficacy against the test pathogen under in vitro conditions. Out of five aqueous biopesticides, Eucalyptus tereticornis was found most effective with 51.48 per cent inhibition in mycelial growth of the pathogen followed by Artemisia vulgaris (48.52 %), Lantana camara (44.81 %) and Murraya koenigii (42.96 %). Aqueous extract of Melia azedarach was least effective with 39.62 per cent mycelial growth inhibition. Among five cow-urine based biopesticides, Eucalyptus tereticornis was found most effective with 71.89 per cent inhibition in mycelial growth of the pathogen followed by Artemisia vulgaris (68.74 %), Lantana camara (63.58 %) and Murraya koenigii (59.51 %). Cow-urine based botanical extract of Melia azedarach was least effective with 55.41 per cent mycelial growth inhibition.

2 tables, 20 ref

003639   SINGH P, AGRAWAL V K, SINGH YV (Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science Dep, R.B.S. Coll, Bichpuri, Agra, Uttar Pradesh) : Effect of potassium and FYM on growth parameters, yield and mineral composition of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in alluvial soil. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 24-7.

A field experiment was carried out at the research farm of R. B. S. College Bichpuri, Agra during the Rabi season of 2016-2017 to study the effects of Farmyard Manure (FYM) and Potassium application on wheat crop in alluvial soil. The experiment was laid out in the randomized block design (RBD) with four levels of FYM (control, 2.5, 5.0 and 10 t ha^-1 ) and four levels of potassium (control, 40, 80 and 120 kg K₂O ha^-1 ) with three replications. Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potash (NPK) were applied in the form of urea, single super phosphate and muriate of potash respectively. Data revealed that the plant height(cm), number of tillers (m^-2 ), number of spikes (m^-2 ), spike length (cm), number of grain spike^-1 , 1000 - grain weight and grain and straw yield of wheat crop improved by FYM and Potassium application. The nutrient contents as N, P and K in grain and straw of wheat enhanced significantly with the application of FYM @10t ha^-1 and Potassium @ 80 kg K₂O ha^-1 .This treatment also recorded highest grain yield of 43.40 q ha^-1 as compared to rest of other treatments. Hence the application of FYM @10 t ha^-1 and Potassium @ 80 Kg K₂O ha^-1 is recommended to the farmer for getting better production of the wheat crop.

2 tables, 20 ref

003540   KUMAR T, KUMARI B, ARYA S, KAUSHIK P (Forestry Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar, Haryana) : Effect of different spacings of Eucalyptus based agroforestry systems soil nutrient status and chemical properties in semi-arid ecosystem of India. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 18-23.

Experiment was conducted in research area of Forestry Department, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during 2015-16 to study the effect of different spatial arrangements (3×3 m, 6×1.5 m and paired row 17×1×1 m) on Eucalyptus based agroforestry system performed better as compared to sole crop in respect of various soil chemical properties and available nutrients status in soil at different soil depths. Among the different spacings organic carbon was found maximum (0.43 %) under 3×3 m spacing in soil at different depths. The electrical conductivity had lowered in soil at different depths from its initial status under different spacings of Eucalyptus plantations. However, the soil pH did not show any considerable changes in all depths of Eucalyptus plantation. Results revealed that available N, P and K in soil at different depths increased significantly under different spacings of Eucalyptus based agroforestry system in all the treatments from its initial values in soil at different depths. The highest available soil N (166 kg ha ), P (11.4 kg ha) and K (206.6 kg ha) were recorded in surface soil under 3×3 m spacing as compared to other spacings.

6 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

003494   HUDED P B, GHANTE V N, KULKARNI V (Main Agricultural Research Station, Raichur, Karnataka) : Evaluation of sunflower germplasm lines against whitefly, Bemisia tabci (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) under field condition. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 14-7.

An experiment was conducted on evaluation of sunflower germplasm lines against whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) at College of Agriculture Raichur, Karnataka during rabi 2016-17. The objective of the study was to find out the promising sunflower germplasm lines against whitefly under field condition. Among 150 sunflower germplasm lines evaluated for their reaction against whitefly, the germplasm lines viz., PM-4, PM-18, PM-19, PM-26, PM-30, PM37, PM- 39, PM-42, PM-43, PM-52, PM-67, PM-69, PM-73, PM-97 and 85 other germplasm lines were found to be promising against whitefly (category-I). Similarly, PM-6, PM-11, PM-12, PM-13, PM-62, PM-83, PM-87, PM-94, PM-103, PM-107, PM-112, PM-117, PM-121, PM-123, PM-128 and 27 other germplasm lines were grouped as category-II. Further, seven germplasm lines viz., PM-3, PM-78, PM-91, PM-78-1, PM-91-1, PM-92 and PM-155 were grouped under category-III.

3 tables, 8 ref

003536   KUMAR N (Agronomy Dep, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural Univ, Pusa, Bihar) : Effect of genotypes and nitrogen levels on productivity of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid complex) ratooncrop. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 11-3.

A field experiment was conducted during the spring season of 2015-16 on sandy loam soil of Pusa, to study the effect of 3 genotypes of sugarcane (Saccharum spp hybrid complex) (‘CoP 11436’, ‘CoP 11437’ and ‘CoP 08436’) and 3 levels of nitrogen (75, 100 and 125 % recommended dose) on productivity and quality of sugarcane ratoon crop. The soil of the experimental field was a sandy loam in texture, alkaline in reaction (pH 8.2), low in organic carbon (0.48 %), low in available N (220 kg/ha), medium in available P (11.6 kg/ha) and low in available K (108 kg/ha). The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design with 3 replications. Results indicated that the genotype ‘CoP 11437’ showed better performance with significantly higher plant population (1, 90, 800/ha) and drymatter accumulation (31.0 t/ha). Significantly higher leaf area index (4.05), cane diameter (2.08 cm), single cane weight (783 g/plant) and cane yield (84.3 t/ha) was also obtained with the genotype ‘CoP 11437’ which was statistically comparable to ‘CoP 08436’. Similarly significantly higher brix (20.1 %), pol (17.81 %), commercial cane sugar (12.32 %) and sugar yield (10.38 %) were obtained with ‘CoP 11437’. Application of 125 % recommended dose of nitrogen improved drymatter accumulation, leaf area index, cane yield and sugar yield. Though the differences between 100 and 125 % recommended dose of nitrogen were found to be non-significant.

2 tables, 12 ref

003430   AHMAD R, VERMA R R, SENGAR V S, SINGH K K, SINGH A (Agril Eco Dep, NDUAT, Kumarganj Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh) : Constraints analysis of mustard cultivation in Lakhimpur Kheri districts of Uttar Pradesh. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 06-8.

Study on constraint analysis of Mustard was carried out during agriculture year 2016-17. Keeping in view the nutritional, income and employment potential of Mustard in Lakhimpur Kheri district of U.P. assumes special significance; the study was based on 100 respondents of different categories. Primary data were collected through interview method and secondary data were collected from Govt. offices. Simple tabular analysis was applied for drawing results. The study revealed that there are three types of constraints faced and raised by the Mustard growers i.e. Technical problem, Management problem, Labour problem. Technical problems were ranked first followed by Management problems, Labour problem. All the problems were commonly faced by the marginal farmers followed by small farmers and medium farmers. Thus, it can be concluded that problems and size group of farms have indirect relationship. Means as the size of the farm increases problems faced are decreases. Good quality seed, adequate farmer's training and crop loan should be facilitated to the farmers. Mustard is a lucrative crop and it can help the farmers in doubling their income in the study area.

1 table, 3 ref

003557   MISHRA S, VERMA O P, ASHISH, SRIVASTAVA S P, SINGH K P (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, Acharya Narendra Deva Univ Of Agriculture And Technology, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh) : Identifying superior parents and hybrids for certain quantitative traits in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under sodic soils. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 01-5.

The present investigation entitled “Studies on genetic variability, combining ability and heterosis in aromatic and non-aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.) unersodic soil. The present study was based on two related experiments, namely, Germplasm evaluation (Experiment-I) and Combining ability (ExperimentII). These experiments were conducted at Main experimental farm, of the N.D. University of Agriculture & Technology, Narendra Nagar (Kumarganj), Ayodhya, during Kharif, 2015 and 2016. The combining ability experiment was based on evaluation of a line x tester set of 69 hybrids (F1’s) and their 26 parents along with two checks for seven characters under sodic soil condition in randomized complete block design with three replications during Kharif, 2016. The 69 F1’s were generated by crossing 23 lines with 3 testers during Kharif, 2015. Analysis of variance for combining ability revealed non-significant mean squares due to testers and lines for all the characters under study except significant mean squares observed for testers for plant height. This indicated less importance of general combining ability and additive gene effects in expression of out of 7 characters. The mean squares due to lines x testers interactions, indicating importance of specific combining ability and non-additive gene effects, were found to be highly significant for all the seven characters under study. Twenty-three out of sixty-nine crosses emerged with positive and significant sca effects for grain yield/plant. The five best crosses were Pusa Bas.-1 x Jaya, NDRK-50046 x Jaya, NDRK50055 x Jaya, NDRK-50054 x CSR-10 and NDRK-50063 x CSR-10 which showed significant and positive sca effects for grain yield/plant as well as some other yield components.

3 tables, 8 ref

003550   MARTINEZ C R M (Architecture Catholic Univ of El Salvador, El Salvador, Central America) : Canavalia gladiata and Dolichos lablab extracts for sustainable pest biocontrol and plant nutrition improvement in El Salvador. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(3), 86-93.

Botanical repellents and pesticides are now being rediscovered as new tools for integrated pest management in order to reduce the use of toxic chemicals in crop production. Canavalia gladiata and Dolichos lablab are two Fabaceae very well adapted to farmlands of El Salvador, effective as living barriers and mostly as cover crops, however, they are not yet very well disseminated. This document describes the potential for using the liquid extracts and the dry flour of raw seeds of those plants for economic benefit and practical convenience for pest management in Salvadorian agriculture under field conditions. Seed extracts were useful when applied to the foliage to repel white flies (Aleyrodidae spp.) at the dose of 10% v/v; the repellent effect lasted approximately up to 8 days. The flour produced from the ground seeds were effective for preventing infections of Meloidogyne spp. and Phyllophaga spp., when mixed with soil prior to transplant; the beneficial effect lasted for about one month. Another added value of those flours was the contribution to plant nutrition in the short term, yet applying this treatment must be delayed until after crop germination and emergence because it can cause growth disorder in young seedlings. These leguminous crop seed extracts and flours appear to have promise for commercial application, especially by limited resource farmers.

4 illus, 1 table, 58 ref

003555   MISHRA K (Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Berhampu, Odisha) : Evaluation of maize cowpea intercropping as fodder through front line demonstration. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(3), 82-5.

A study was carried out through front line demonstration during Kharif season of 2015-16 to promote the Intercropping of maize+cowpea as fodder in 1:1 ratio in Ganjam District under East & South Eastern Coastal Plain Zone of Odisha. The KVK scientists has conducted frontline demonstration in maize+cowpea intercropping with the active participation of farmers with the objective to demonstrate the improved technologies in crop. From the front line demonstration, it was observed that the higher values of fresh forage yield was recorded in Intercropping of maize+cowpea in 1:1 ratio (504.5q/ha) where as in sole maize and sole cowpea it was 487.6 q/ha, 230.3 q/ha respectively. The total Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) is found to be 1.24 which is 24 % of yield advantageous over sole crop. The maximum cost of cultivation was recorded in sole maize (Rs 42517/ha) while the lowest was recorded in sole cowpea (Rs18695/ ha).The highest net return was observed in intercropping of maize+cowpea (Rs 26117/ha) over sole maize (Rs 15965/ha) and sole cowpea (Rs 2032/ha).The B:C ratio was highest in intercropping of maize cowpea as fodder in 1: 1 row proportion of (1.83) over sole maize(1.37) and sole cowpea (1.10).

2 tables, 7 ref

003431   ALLAHVERDIYEV E I, SHIRINOVA G F, ASGERLI L G (Scientific-Research Institute of Vegetable of Ministry of Agriculture, Republic of Azerbaijan, Email: mpanah@mail.ru) : The factors affecting to the productivity of tomato cultured in Azerbaijan and ways of its elimination. Adv Life Sci 2019, 9(1), 11-4.

The purpose of the presented work was dedicated to the study of factors that affect the productivity of tomato plants, and its elimination. It has become clear that there are opportunities available to raise the germination of seeds obtained from different types of tomatoes and for this purpose is convenient to use both chemicals and substances obtained from some fungi. Thus, due to the effects of all the materials used for the processing of seed increases both the germinate ability of the seeds, and the overall productivity of the plant. The quantitative indicator of these processes is expressed by 6,9 % in the increase of germinating ability of seed and 15,0 % in the increase of overall productivity. As a result of the research, was shown that the culture liquid of the fungus Trichoderma koningii more effective.

2 tables, 15 ref

002294   DIALOKE S A, EMOSAIRUE S O, AKPAROBI S O, COOKEY C O, KEYAGHA E R, OGWUDIRE V E (Crop Science and Technology Dep, Federal Univ of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria) : Impact of rates and frequency of Formulated Neem Seed Oil (F-NSO) on Riptortus dentipes Fab. Hemiptera: Coreidae damage of improved pigeonpea in Owerri, rainforest Zone, of Southeastern, Nigeria. Int J Entomol Res 2019, 4(2), 53-8.

Research on Riptortus dentipes Fab., Hemiptera: Coreidae) was carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm, School of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri Imo, State, during 2009, and 2010 planting seasons. Their damage on pod/seed was studied under control with formulated neem seed oil (F-NSO) and synthetic pyrethroid (SPY) (cypermethrin) at different rates and spraying frequencies. The experiment was laid out in 3 x 5 factorial comprising three rates of F-NSO: 4.2 L ha^-1 , 8.3 L ha^-1 , 12.5 L ha^-1 with untreated control (0L ha^-1 ), and SPY (1.5L ha^-1 ) as checks and three intervals of application namely : once a week, once in two weeks, and once in three weeks. Results showed that application of F-NSO at the highest dose of 12.5L ha^-1 and at four regime spraying intervals of once a week significantly (p<0.05) resulted to reduced pod/seed damage and better pod/seed quality observed irrespective of the planting seasons. July planting season witnessed low pod/seed damage with enhanced seed quality (percentage wholesome seeds) when compared with May planting season. Therefore, in the humid environment of Owerri South-eastern, Nigeria, application of 12.5 L ha^-1 of F-NSO once a week and at four spraying intervals especially during July planting season should be incorporated into pigeonpea Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Programmes.

1 table, 33 ref

002299   GAHATRAJ S (Agriculture and Forestry Univ, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal) : Integrated management of green peach aphid Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Int J Entomol Res 2019, 4(2), 42-5.

Green Peach Aphid (Myzus persicae) is a polyphagus pest that infects primarily peach including vegetable crops, sunflower, tobacco, sugar beet, and fruit crops. It is cosmopolitan in distribution. It is primarily green in color, but may be pale-brown to pinkish. Depending upon the environment and climatic condition, adults are alate as well as apterous at different time of year. Integrated management is the best method for management of Green Peach Aphid. Removal of crop residue and weed host is the best cultural practices. Aphids suck up sap from young leaves and flower buds. Infested leaves curl downward and may turn brown and die. When infestations are heavy, aphid damage can reduce plant vigor, size and yield, and may kill the plants. Different predators, parasitoids, microbial organisms, botanical pesticides can be used for management. Integrated management of Green Peach Aphid includes cultural practices; use of predators, parasitoids, biocontrol agents, botanical pesticides, and chemical pesticides. Farmers have own indigenous knowledge on this pest control. Effective chemical pesticides can be used as last resort for control.

19 ref

002287   DAUDA A M, NASIRU A, SULEIMAN M (Biology Dep, Umaru Musa YAR’ADUA Univ, Katsina State, Nigeria) : The impact of some agricultural practices on population status of honey bee, Apis mellifera L. in Katsina State, Nigeria. Int J Entomol Res 2019, 4(2), 32-5.

A study was conducted between March and September, 2017 in order to find the impact of agricultural practices on population status of honey bees in Katsina State. Survey questionnaire were used to collect data from traditional beekeepers, honey sellers, farmers and settlers. The survey was conducted in three selected local government areas (LGAs), namely Rimi, Batsari and Mashi, due to their popularity in beekeeping activities. A descriptive statistical methods and chi-square (χ²) were used to present and analyze the data obtained. Beekeepers in the study area were 100 % males, 56.44 % of them were at the age range of 61-80 years and 54.46 % attained primary education and having a reasonable number of hives. Populations of honey bees were moderately decreased due to improper use of pesticides/herbicides (44.50 %), deforestation (28.70 %), water contamination (15.90 %) and bush burning (10.90 %). Therefore, application of pesticides and herbicides during the flowering period should be avoided. Chemical pesticides should also be substituted with biopesticides so as to minimize the toxicity of chemicals to pollinators.

2 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

002351   ORTEGA-MUNOZ G, LUZURIAGA-NEIRA N, SALAZAR-SILVA R, RODRÍGUEZ-HIDALGO R (Parasitology Dep, Central Univ of Ecuador, EC170521, Quito, Ecuador, Email: rrodriguez@uce.edu.ec) : Oestrus ovis in Ecuador: Importance in the Andean sheep farming. Vet World 2019, 12(4), 522-6.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Oestrus ovis in sheep meant for meat commercialization in the main slaughterhouse of the country. Between October 2015 and December 2015, we assessed the occurrence of Oestrus myiasis in the main slaughterhouse localized in Quito. In total, 80 sheep heads were randomly inspected and necropsied. Larvae were removed from nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses and cleaned. ANOVA (generalized linear model) was used to estimate the relationship between sex, age, and place of origin and presence or absence of parasite larvae. Morphological identification confirmed that 19 % (15/80) of the examined animals were positive for Oestrus ovis; from the positive cases, 21 % were young animals 2500 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l.), and only one case from the coastal region at 250 m.a.s.l. with tropical environmental conditions. Our results showed evidence of the presence of myiasis caused by O. ovis in Andean and coastal places in Ecuador and its adaptation to different environmental conditions from that reported previously in temperate regions from Europe and Africa.

2 illus, 2 tables, 29 ref

002329   KUMAR K V, JAYASANKAR T (Electronics & Communication Engineering Dep, Karpagam Institute of Technology, Coimbatore - 641 105, Email: vinodkumaran87@gmail.com) : An identification of crop disease using image segmentation. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(3), 1054-64.

Agriculture forms a vital part of India‟s economy. More than 50 % of India‟s population is dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. In India, many crops are cultivated, out of which wheat is one of the most important food grains that this country cultivates and exports. Thus it can be seen that wheat forms a major part of the Indian agricultural system and India‟s economy. Hence, the maintenance of the steady production of the above-stated crop is very important. The main idea of this project is to provide a novel approach based on a deformable model is proposed to handle the segmentation of the system for detecting crop diseases. The existing system is based on the segmentation method simple linear iterative clustering to detect disease in plant leaves. It also shows visual attributes such as color, gradient, texture, and shape to describe the features of leaves. The proposed system will define the cropped image of a wheat plant through image processing and feature extraction algorithms. The RGB color space is converted so that the color information contained in the images can be used effectively to differentiate image and segmentation usage of the k-means algorithm has been suggested.

12 illus, 16 ref

002285   CHICHAGHARE A R, DESHMUKH H K, KUMAR N M, JAMATIYA A (Silviculture and Agroforestry Dep, KAU, Thrissur, Kerala) : Garari (Cleistanthus collinus): Multipurpose hedge crop for organic farming through agroforestry intervention. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 2124-7.

Organic farming is gaining importance with time in farming communities since the effects of synthetic pesticides are turning out to be harmful to health. Garari is a small, deciduous and fast-growing tree having short rotation (4-5 yrs.) with good coppicing ability and it can thrive in infertile soil. Its bark, leaves and fruits contain phytochemical compounds like Lactone glycoside which are having pesticidal property making it a potent bio-pesticide, alternative to synthetic pesticides. Looking to the potential utilization of the Garari, the present paper is exploring the potential of Garari (Cleistanthus collinus) a multipurpose tree suitable for organic farming. The information has been collected from the secondary sources and the review of research has been done. It is learnt from the review of research that the spraying of extracts from different plant parts is more effective than spreading the bulky mass of leaves in paddy fields. Its extract is effective against rice caseworm, hoppers, leaf rollers, cotton bollworm, spodoptera etc. It is revealed from the study that the Garari (Cleistanthus collinus) can be also used as timber, fuel wood and wasteland reclamation agent. Wood of garadi is tough, durable and resistant to termite attack, decay and marine borer. Larvicides and wood preservatives are also prepared from Garari (Cleistanthus collinus). It will highly suitable species for marine uses. Easy boundary plantation and management makes it convenient to farmers. Despite having all these useful characters it is not yet exploited fully in agroforestry for organic farming. Its use is ecofriendly, addressing economic, ecological, and social aspect leading to sustainability. Though organic farming is considered as costly approach, agroforestry can reduce the cost without hampering efficiency and effectiveness, so further research needed in this direction.

2 tables, 22 ref

002394   SINGH D P, TIWARI T (Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Maharajganj, Uttar Pradesh) : Assessment of extent of damage and yield loss caused by stem borer in rice. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 2112-5.

A field experiment was conducted at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Basuli, Maharajganj, to assess the extent of damage and yield loss due to the infestation of Stem borer in rice during kharif 2018. Seven popular high yielding strains viz. Arize 6444 Gold, NDR 359, MTU 7029, BPT 5204, 27 P 63, Gorakhnath 509 NDR 2065 and local popular variety, Kalanamak were used as test variety. Among several species of stem borer infesting rice crop, yellow stem borer Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) was found relatively in high abundant at all the stages of crop growth. Among tested rice varieties Kalanamak was found most susceptible to Stem Borer attack resulted in higher % dead hearts (15.45 %) at tillering stage and higher % white year (27.30 %) at maturity stage. Quantitative yield loss increased with the increase of the borer's infestation. Highest yield loss was quantified for the rice variety, Kalanamak (34.37 %) followed by BPT 5204 (20.48 %) and NDR 2065 (17.35 %).

1 table, 32 ref

002362   PATLE T, KHADDAR V K, TIWARI R, PARA P (Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry Dep, R.V.S.K.V.V., Gwaliour, Madhya Pradesh) : Evaluation of phosphorus availability and phosphorus fixation in four different soils orders. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 2087-90.

A controlled experiment was conducted to study the Phosphorus availability and Phosphorus fixation in four soils orders with contrasting characteristics. The results showed that, available P in the tested soil samples of Vertisols and Aridisols were found to be in high range 23.4 and 27.5 kg ha^-1 respectively. The available phosphorus in tested soil samples of Inceptisols and Alfisols is found to be in low to medium range. 6.8 and 14.9 kg ha^-1 respectively. Phosphorus fixation the increase in time and doses of phosphorus the phosphorus fixation also increases. About 80-95 % of added phosphorus is fixed in the soils and the maximum fixation was in then Vertisols while the least fixation was observed in Alfisols at all the stages of incubation, although the differences were meagre. Phosphorus fixation was positively correlated with different pools of iron and aluminium compounds whereas, P fixation showed positive significant correlation with amorphous ferri-alumino silicate content.

5 tables, 18 ref

002392   SINGH A K, SURESH B G, MAHTO A, SINGH A K, SINGH S P, VERMA S (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, SHUATS, Allahabad, Utter Pradesh) : Genetic variability studies for yield and yield components in F₂ generation in rice (Oryza sativa L.). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 2058-62.

The present experiment was conducted at Field Experimentation Centre, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Allahabad during Kharif- 2017 in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. The data were recorded for thirteen quantitative and seven quality characters to study genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, correlation coefficient analysis and path analysis. Analysis of variance among 30 advance breeding lines in rice genotypes showed highly significant differences for all the characters indicated the presence of substantial amount of genetic variability. On the basis of mean performance highest grain yield per hill observed in genotypes SHUATS Dhan-211(ABL) (42.43 g), followed by SHUATS Dhan224(ABL) (41.50), SHIATS DHAN-5 (40.68). High genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was observed for flag leaf length (20.51 to 21.22), followed test weight (19.19 to 19.64), number of spikelet’s per panicle (18.38 to 18.62) and number of panicles per hill, indicating that these characters could be used as selection for crop improvement. High estimates of heritability were observed for number of spikelets per panicle, days to 50 % flowering, test weight, flag leaf length, plant height and harvest index followed by seed yield per hill, biological yield per hill and number of panicles per hill. High genetic advance were for number of spikelets per panicle, plant height. Genetic advance as percent of mean was observed for test weight, number of spikelets per panicle, number of panicles per hill and plant height.

3 tables, 12 ref

002381   SAMUDRE S S, CHAVAN K A, PATIL A A, JADHAV K T (Agronomy Dep, Agriculture Coll, Latur, Maharashtra) : Effect of Integrated weed management on yield and yield attributes of soybean (Glycine max. (L.) Merrill). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 2054-7.

A field experiment was carried out at experimental farm of Agronomy section, College of Agriculture, Latur during Kharif 2017. As the title indicates, the current work aims to identify the effect of integrated weed management on yield and yield attributes of soybean (Glycine max. (L.) Merrill). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with eight treatments and replicated thrice. The work revealed that, seed yield and yield components were found significantly superior with treatment (T₈) i.e. weed free, which recorded highest seed yield (2009 kg ha^-1 ) as compared to all other treatments. Treatment (T₄) i.e. Pendimethalin 30 % EC @ 1kg a.i./ha (PE) + Imazethapyr 10 % SL @ 100g a.i./ha (PoE) ranked second in case of seed yield and lowest seed yield was recorded with treatment (T₇) i.e. Weedy check (1266 kg ha^-1 ) as compared to all other treatments. Study revealed the superiority of treatment weed free (T₈) for majority of yield attributes in addition to the seed yield and suggesting the positive benefits of weed management on yield and yield attributing characters of soybean.

2 tables, 14 ref

002421   VAVDIYA P A, CHOVATIA V P, MADARIYA R B, MEHTA D R, SOLANKI H V (NAU, Waghai (Dangs), Gujarat) : Heterosis studies for seed cotton yield and its components over environments in cotton. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 2049-53.

An investigation was carried out using ten lines and five testers in a line x tester mating design to estimate the nature and magnitude of heterosis for seed cotton yield and its components in cotton. The resulting 65 genotypes including parents along with a check hybrid (G-Cot.Hy-12) were evaluated in a Randomized Block Design with three replications under three dates of sowing (environments) i.e. E₁ = Onset of monsoon, E₂ = 20 days after 1^st sowing and E₃ =20 days after 2^nd sowing. The pooled analysis of variance for the experimental design revealed significant differences among the genotypes, parents, hybrids and parents vs hybrids for all the characters. Remarkable levels of heterosis and heterobeltiosis were observed for seed cotton yield per plant and most of the characters studied. The heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis ranged from -37.93 to 44.44 % and -44.99 to 81.98 % in pooled analysis. The crosses GJHV 500 x GTHV 7/70, G. Cot 18 x GSHV 173, G. Cot 12 x GSHV 173 and GJHV 536 x GTHV 7/70 which manifested significant and desirable heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis for seed cotton yield per plant also recorded significant and positive heterosis for plant height, number of sympodia per plant, number of bolls per plant and boll weight.

4 tables, 14 ref

002402   SINGH S, SINGH T (AKS Univ, Sherganj, Satna, Madhya Pradesh) : Effect of gibberellic acid on growth, yield and quality parameters of chilli (Capsicum annum L.). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 2021-3.

The present investigation was carried out at the experimental field of Faculty of Agriculture, Horticulture Department, A.K.S. University, Satna (M.P.) in the year 2017-18. The experiment include 3 combinations of Gibberellic acid along with control viz. 0 PPM- GA₀, 50 PPM- GA₁,100 PPM- GA₂, and150 PPM- GA₃ replicated 5 times using randomized block design. It was observed in the application of GA₃ @ 150 PPM found significantly superior over other treatments in terms of plant height at 30 DAT, 60 DAT and at harvest (76.82 cm, 116.14 cm, 141.58 cm), No of branches/plant at 30 DAT and at harvest (28.37 and 50.73), fruit length (29.74 cm), fresh weight of 10 fruits of chilli (109.85 g), number of fruits/plant (127.91), fruit yield/plant (636.04 g), fruit yield/ha (25.70 t/ha) and vitamin C content (98.49 mg/100 g).

1 table, 13 ref

002280   CHAITRA G B, SONNAD J S (Agribusiness Management Dep, Agricultural Sciences Univ, Dharwad, Karnataka) : Export performance of chilli and cumin from India: An empirical analysis. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 2014-20.

Spices have been closely connected to enchanted, cultural traditions, preservation, medicine and embalming since early human history. The foremost aim of the present study was to disclose the growth and instability under area, production, yield and export volume and value of chilli and cumin in India. Composition and direction of trade of chilli and cumin from India during study period Markov was analysed using Markov Chain to find out the stable and reliable markets for Indian chilli and cumin. Projection of quantity export of chilli and cumin from India up to 2022 was calculated by using the transitional probability of retention values. Revealed Comparative advantage was calculated to know the export performance of chilli and cumin in global market. Multiple linear regression was carried out to find out the factors influencing export of chilli and cumin from India by using production, international price, and domestic price as independent variables. From the study it had revealed that chilli area under cultivation showed negative growth. Whereas cumin showed positive and significant growth in area, production and productivity at national level. Export quantity and value of chilli and cumin had shown significant positive growth. Vietnam was found to be the most reliable and stable market for Indian chilli and cumin export during study period (2005-06 to 2017-18). Export projections of chilli and cumin had shown positive trend. Chilli and cumin enjoyed the positive and increasing trend of comparative advantage in international market in exports. International price, domestic price and production of chilli and cumin had positive influence on export of chilli and cumin from India.

10 tables, 12 ref

002335   KUMARI S, SHRIVASTAVA M, KUMARI N (Processing and Food Engg Dep, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural Univ, Samastipur, Bihar) : Process technology development of maize-legume mix Bari. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 2007-10.

To utilize surplus maize production in Bihar and by-products of Dhal milling industry, a need was felt to mix maize flour with legume flour (Moong & Masoor) to produce baris. Two types of baris were prepared by blending of maize-legume using different mixing proportion percentages (100:00, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 00:100), Drying characteristics and quality characteristics of prepared baris were studied. The average drying rate was observed ranging from 0.101 to 0.302 KgW/Kg.dm.h. The highest average drying rate for mixing proportion 100 % M + 00 % GG was achieved at 65 ^oC. It was observed that the Baris of 00 % M + 100 % GG or L mixing proportion were found best for their sensory quality attributes having highest water absorption capacity also and 25 % M + 75 % GG or L was found to be second best for their sensory quality attributes.

4 illus, 3 tables, 8 ref

002260   AHIRWAR L, KHAN M A (Agricultural Extension Dep, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Krishak Nagar, Chhattisgarh) : Assessment of system productivity of rice-maize cropping system under irrigated ecosystem. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 2003-6.

Rice-Maize systems currently occupy approx. 3.5 million hectares in Asia. The highest acreage is in India followed by Nepal. Rice, wheat and maize are the major crops of India. Rice-based cropping systems, with wheat or maize as a secondary crop, are predominant in India. Rice and maize is the two principal cereals crop of Chhattisgarh state. The present study was examined assessment of system productivity (rice equivalent yield) of rice-maize cropping system of Durg district of Chhattisgarh state. Data was collected from rice-maize grower families that were selected randomly from each selected 12 villages to make a sample size of 120 rice-maize farm families, with the help of pre-tested interview schedule. The result reveals that the maximum of the respondents (47.50 %) were adopted ricemaize/wheat-fallow cropping system, pertaining to average cropping intensity of the respondents was found to be 200.82 per cent. Results on average yield of major crops rice and maize was 39.03 q/ha and 49.71 q/ha respectively. Findings on system productivity (rice equivalent yield) of prevailing cropping system illuminate that higher percentage (5.83 %) of the respondents obtained maximum productivity (rice equivalent yield) from rice-maize/wheat/vegetables system (128.2 q/ha).

1 illus, 5 tables, 16 ref

002288   DEEPA M G, PATIL S N, GOLLAGI S G, PATIL D R, SUMA R, RAGHAVENDRA K M (Crop Physiology Dep, UHS, Bagalkot, Karnataka) : Economics and yield of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cv. Bhagwa as influenced by gibberellic acid and nutrients under Northern Dry Zone of Karnataka. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1999-2002.

The investigation was conducted in the farmer’s field of Tulasigiri village, in Bagalkot taluk Bagalkot district during 2017-18 with an objective to study the effect of foliar application of gibberellic acid and nutrients on yield and economics of pomegranate cv. Bhagwa. Among the different treatments, foliar application of GA₃ @ 100 ppm + CaCl₂ 2 % + borax 0.2 % + MgSO₄ 0.5 % has recorded the highest fruit length (93.74 mm), fruit diameter (92.38 mm), fruit volume (387.63 ml), number of arils (594.60), total aril weight (232.98 g), peel weight (136.02 g), fruit weight (363.55 g), yield per plant (28.90 kg) and yield per hectare (21.38 t/ha) compared to control which recorded lowest yield (16.57 t/ha) and yield attributes. Highest B:C was obtained in T₁₃ (3.23) and T₁₅ (3.22). Among the different treatments, the plants treated with GA₃ @ 100 ppm + CaCl₂ 2 % + borax 0.2 % + MgSO₄ 0.5 % influenced the improved fruit growth, increased yield and better B:C as compared to other treatments.

1 illus, 3 tables, 7 ref

002284   CHETHAN KUMAR S, SAHU G S, TRIPATHY P, PRADHAN B, DASH S K (Vegetable Sciences Dep, UHS, Bagalkot, Karnataka) : Studies on genetic variability in chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) germplasm. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1992-4.

The present studies on genetic variability in chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) germplasm was conducted at AICRP on Vegetable Crops, Orissa University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India during rabi season of 2017-18 with an objective to study the nature and extent of genetic variability in chilli genotypes for improvement in fruit yield and yield attributing traits. Thirty four genotypes were evaluated in a RBD with three replication. The genotypes were evaluated on the basis of 17 parameters that included growth, yield and quality parameters. The analysis of variance revealed significant difference among 34 genotypes for all the character studied indicating the presence of variability in the studied material. The GCV and PCV were more in fruit yield per plant (37.02 % and 40.75 %), average dry fruit weight (19.25 and 20.42 %) and average fresh fruit weight (33.10 and 34.38 %). High heritability was recorded with TSS (96.18 %), average dry fruit weigh (92.69 %), and average fresh fruit weight (91.33 %); genetic advance as percentage of mean was higher in case of dry fruit yield per plant (69.28 %) and average dry fruit weight (65.64 %).

1 table, 15 ref

002372   RAGHORTE H A, KUCHANWAR O D, SAWANT A P, KAUSADIKAR P H (Agriculture Coll, Nagpur, Maharashtra) : Effect of potassium and sulphur on yield and nutrient uptake of pigeonpea. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1989-91.

The present investigation entitled “Effect of potassium and sulphur on yield and nutrient uptake of pigeonpea” was conducted on EAD Farm, College of Agriculture, Nagpur during kharif season of 2017- 2018. The field experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) with four levels of potassium (0, 15, 30 and 45 kg ha^-1 ) and four levels of sulphur (0, 10, 20 and 30 kg ha^-1 ). Results indicated that grain and straw yield; content and uptake of N, P, K and S increased with increased in rate of application of K and S. The result of present experiment indicate that application of 30 kg K₂O ha^-1 resulted improvement in grain (11.59 q ha^-1 ) and straw (45.14 q ha^-1 ) yield of pigeonpea. The highest uptake of N (110 kg ha^-1 ), P (21.35 kg ha^-1 ), K (90.15 kg ha^-1 ) and S (12.50 kg ha^-1 ) was recorded with the application of 20 kg sulphur ha^-1 . The uptake of N and K increased due to application of 30 kg K₂O and P and S due to 45 kg K₂O ha^-1 .

2 tables, 10 ref

002384   SAWANT A P, KUCHANWAR O D, CHOPDE N K, RAGHORTE H A, KHEDEKAR K S (Agriculture Coll, Nagpur, Maharashtra) : Effect of different organic inputs on biological properties of soil, yield and quality of crops under certified organic farms in Nagpur district of Maharashtra. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1985-8.

The field investigation in relation to "Effect of different organic inputs on soil biological properties, yield and quality of crops under certified organic farms in Nagpur district of Maharashtra” was carried out during kharif- rabi season of 2017 – 18, to assess the biological properties of soil, quality and yield different crops as influenced by various organic resources. Soil samples of 0-10 cm depth were collected randomly after the harvest of crops from six locations of Nagpur district were selected for recording various observations and collected plant samples for quality parameters. Yield of crops was noted from farmer’s field of above locations. The maximum microbial count was recorded in organic field over the inorganic field. The count of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes were varied from 16.25 to 22.50 X 107 cfu g ^-1 , 10.75 to16.25 X 10⁵ cfu g^-1 and 7.25 to 13.5 X 10⁵ cfu g^-1 respectively. In all the locations the yield of Nagpur Mandarin found higher as compared to national average productivity of Nagpur mandarin (10.4 t ha^-1 ). The yield of sweet orange recorded 14.0 t ha ^-1 with the application of Ghanjivamrut @ 500 kg ha^-1 . Grain yield of wheat was obtained between 1.9 kg ha^-1 .When the field applied FYM for 9 years, maximum grain yield of pigeonpea was obtained with fertilizers alone as compared to application of organic source. The quality of crops was improved with application of organic inputs over the fertilizers application. The higher ascorbic acid concentration (49.15 mg 100 ml^-1 ) of mandarin was recorded when ghanjivamrut @ 500 kg ha^-1 was applied, Similarly in tomato the maximum ascorbic acid contain (23.37 mg 100 ml^-1 ) was recorded in organically produce tomato. The protein percent of rice was found maximum in organic field. From the study it can be concluded that, the application of organic inputs improve the chemical, biological properties and fertility status of soil. In case of yield due to organic inputs littilbit decreased. Therefore organic and inorganic fertilizers in balanced form are efficiently sustain and enhance the fertility status of soil and maintained the yield and nutritional quality of various crops.

3 tables, 13 ref

002425   YADAV M, KUMHAR S R, CHOUDHARY R, GOYAL G (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, Agriculture Coll, Mandore, Jodhpur, Rajasthan) : Assessment of yield criteria in wheat through correlation and path analysis. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1978-81.

The present investigation entitled “Assessment of yield criteria in wheat through correlation and path analysis” has been carried out at Agricultural Research Station, Mandore, Jodhpur during rabi 2016-17 to evaluate thirty one genotypes of wheat to asses extent of nature and magnitude of correlation and path coefficient for grain yield and contributing character. The material was planted in randomized block design with three replications and observations were recorded on individual plant basis. In the present investigation, genotypic and phenotypic correlation of grain yield was found to be positive and highly significant correlated with days to heading. Further this character exhibited positively significant correlation with peduncle length, number of tillers per plant and days to maturity. This character had positive non significant association with plant height, spike length and flag leaf area. Path coefficient analysis suggested that the highest positive direct effect on grain yield per plant was exerted by days to heading followed by peduncle length, number of tillers per plant and protein content. In contrast, harvest index, flag leaf area, days to maturity, spike length, 1000 grain weight and plant height contributed considerable negative direct effect on grain yield.

2 tables, 14 ref

002364   PAWAR R, BHATT S T, BHATT D (Navsari Agricultural Univ, Navsari, Gujarat) : Influence of time and level of pruning on flowering yield in Jasminum sambac var. Baramasi under South Gujarat condition. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1975-7.

The present investigation was conducted at Floriculture Research Farm, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari (Gujarat) during the year 2016-17 under a Randomized Block Design with Factorial concept (FRBD) along with nine treatment combinations consisting three pruning time i.e. last week of November, second week of December and last week of December and three different levels of pruning i.e. 25 cm, 50 cm and 75 cm from the ground level. The treatments were repeated thrice. Different pruning time and pruning level influenced significantly on vegetative and flowering characters in Jasminum sambac. Among the various pruning time, 2ⁿd week of December had most striking influence in enhancing the flower yield per plant (1076.14 g), flower yield per plot (4.33 kg) and flower yield per hectare (6.91 t) in Jasmine plants. Among the various pruning levels, pruning done at 50 cm from the ground level (L₂) was most significantly influenced flower yield (1116.28 g/plant, 4.47 kg/plot 6.69 t/ha). In case of interaction effect of different pruning time and pruning level was found significant with respect to yield traits. Plants pruned in second week of December at 50 cm above ground level (T₂L₂) produced significantly maximum flower yield (1216.20 g/plant, 4.91 kg/plot and 8.12 t/ha). Based on the results of the present investigation, pruning of Jasminum sambac var. Baramasi at 50 cm above ground level during second week of December is beneficial for better flowering yield of jasmine flowers.

1 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

002405   SINGH V K, VISHVKARMA D, SHUKLA K C, SINGH S, VISHWAKARMA U (Horticulture Dep, JNKVV, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh) : Screening on yield and yield attributes of seven hybrid varieties of chilli under bundelkhand agroclimatic zone (VII). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1970-4.

An experiment entitled “Screening on yield and quality attributes of seven variety of chilli under bundelkhand Agro-climatic zone (VII)” was conducted at Research Farm, College of Agriculture, Tikamgarh during Kharif season at 2015-16 to evaluate the hybrids of chilli yield. The experimental was laid out in the randomized block design with three replications. Varieties- V₁–Alankar, V₂–Natasha-727, V₃–Madhurima-148, V₄–Classica-152, V₅–Prajwala, V₆–Divyajyoti, and V7–Sonaskhi-44. Results obtained in the present investigation revealed that, the highest Plant height at 50 % flowering (36.23 cm), Fruit length (10.60 cm), Fruit diameter (4.22 cm), Number of seed fruit^-1 (91.33), Test weight of 1000 seeds (9.29 g), Fruit yield plant^-1 (1.14 kg), yield plot^-1 (44.42 kg) and Fruit yield ha^-1 (281.0 qt). Conclude that Prajwala performed the best with respect to productivity under the agro-climatic conditions of Bundelkhand (Tikamgarh) region.

1 table, 9 ref

002409   SWAMI S (Soil Science Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar, Haryana) : Nitrogen mineralization kinetics in Typic camborthid soil amended with spent mushroom composts and farm yard manure. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1966-9.

A laboratory experiment was carried out in completely randomized design with three replications under controlled conditions (25±1 °C) as an incubation study for 12 weeks. Bulk surface soil samples (0–15 cm) of sandy loam (Typic camborthids) was air-dried, ground, passed through a 2 mm sieve, and mixed homogeneously. The required amount of organic amendments viz. White button spent mushroom compost (WB-SMC), Dhingari spent mushroom compost (D-SMC), and farm yard manure (FYM) @ 0.75 % on dry weight basis were added in 500 g soil. After thorough mixing the soil and organic amendments, triplicate samples of (20 g) for each treatment and twelve incubation periods were transferred to 125 ml wide mouth plastic bottles. A control treatment without any organic amendment was also run. The containers were incubated in BOD incubator for 12 weeks and moisture content at field capacity was maintained throughout the incubation period with double distilled water by weighing the containers on alternate days. On completion of each incubation period i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 12 weeks, triplicate samples of each treatment were removed from the incubator and extracted immediately with 2 M KCl solution for determination of mineral-N. The cumulative amounts of mineral N in control soil as well as organic amendments treated soil increased with increase in incubation period. Among organic amendments, WB-SMC accumulated higher amounts of mineral N in soil followed by FYM and D-SMC. The lower accumulation of mineral N under D-SMC treatment as compared to WB-SMC or FYM was presumably due to immobilization of native mineral N by increased soil micro-organism activity.

4 tables, 33 ref

002267   ASHOKKUMAR N, POORNIMA K (Nematology Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu) : Occurrence and distribution of root knot nematode, Meloidogyne enterolobii in guava (Psidium guajava L.) in Tamil Nadu. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1922-4.

Survey was done in major guava growing districts of Tamil Nadu viz., Coimbatore, Erode, Theni, Madurai, Krishnagiri, Dharmapuri, Villupuram, Thiruvannamalai and Dindigul for incidence for guava root knot nematode, M. enterolobii was found to be positive in all districts. M. enterolobii infested guava orchards in each district surveyed had revealed appropriate symptoms such as bronzing of leaves with marginal necrosis, simple and compound galls in the roots and browning of younger and older leaves which finally resulted in wilting of the infested plants. The investigation from this survey revealed highest population of M. enterolobii both in 200 g soil (414) and 5 g roots (588) in Theni district while the lowest population was found at Villupuram district with 263 per 200 g soil and 467 per 5 g root.

1 table, 7 ref

002380   SACHIN H E, SINGH Y V, BINDU K R, PAVAN D S, LATARE A M, MEENA R N (Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh) : Soil quality assessment of different villages of Chikkamagalur block in Chikkamagalur district of Karnataka (India). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1918-21.

Soil is a vital natural resource which supports the life on earth. Among several factors which influence the crop production potential, soil fertility is the fundamental factor. An attempt is made to assess the physico-chemical characteristics of different villages in Chikkamagalur block of Chikkamagalur district of Karnataka using various soil quality parameters. Accordingly it is found that the soils of the Chikkamagalur block were low in the available nitrogen and sulphur with the mean values of 163.95 kg ha^-1 , medium in available phosphorus contents with the mean value of 17.06 kg ha^-1 and high in potassium contents of soil with mean value of 483.39 kg ha^-1 . The soils were found to be acidic to neutral in reaction with the average pH value of 5.71. The soils were free from salinity hazards since the mean value of electrical conductivity was found to be 0.18 dSm^-1 . The organic carbon statuses of soils were found medium to high with mean of 0.93 %. The available calcium, magnesium and Sulphur are found sufficiently with 1.72 me/100 g, 2.70 me/100 g and 0.50 mg kg^-1 respectively. The soil is deteriorating in its quality and is mainly due to the continuous cropping. So it is recommended for the study area that sustainable cropping management systems are adopted to conserve and improve the soil quality.

3 tables, 19 ref

002266   ARYA M S, BEAULAH A, THAMPI S S (Vegetable Crops Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu) : Evaluation and selection of superior tomato genotypes for high antioxidant composition. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1912-5.

A field experiment was conducted at the Department of Vegetable Crops, TNAU, Coimbatore to evaluate the performance of tomato genotypes for high antioxidant composition. The genotypes were raised in open field condition and high antioxidant composition was inferred through high lycopene, carotene, ascorbic acid and total phenol content. Among the 97 genotypes evaluated, LE 355 and LE 525 recorded the highest lycopene and β carotene content (8.79 and 8.50 mg/ 100 g respectively). Among the genotypes, highest ascorbic acid content was recorded in LE 525 and LE 27. Total phenol content was also found to highest in the genotype viz., LE355 (40.11 mg/ 100 g). Hence, among 97 different tomato genotypes evaluated, LE 355 and LE 525 were identified for high antioxidant composition. These genotypes may be used in future breeding programme for the development of hybrids, rich in antioxidant composition.

1 table, 18 ref

002411   TERONPI L, BHARALI B (Crop Physiology Dep, Assam Agricultural Univ, Jorhat, Assam) : Management of nitrogen for enhancing physiological efficiency in upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) under water stress condition. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1898-902.

Upland rice productivity is adversely affected by abiotic factors, particularly water stress condition. Rice genotypes may vary in nitrogen uptake and its use efficiency (NUE) for grain yield under drought stress. Real Time Nitrogen Management (RTNM) is one of the important techniques used for augmenting NUE in rice. In the RTNM approach, certain amount of fertilizer is applied only when leaf nitrogen content is below a critical level judged by SPAD values using a chlorophyll meter. In the study, nitrogen was applied in splits up to 130 kg ha^-1 in total based on the SPAD values of rice leaves under simulated water stress condition (No water+ 5000 ppm of 6000 PEG spray at tillering and heading stages against normal irrigation. Five indigenous upland rice genotypes viz. Mairen ke-er, Soksu joha, Soksu bara, Chubok bara, Bijor soksu and one developed variety i.e. Inglongkiri were collected from RARS, Diphu (Assam) to evaluate for their yield potential using RTNM approach under water stress condition. In the study, Inglongkiri, was found to be physiologically efficient as compared to the other varieties. The variety is characterized by higher total N uptake in leaf tissues (71.8 %), NUE (25.8 %), Harvest index (43.5 %), and the lowest reduction in grain yield (1.6 %) under water stress condition.

5 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

002397   SINGH R K, SINGH R P, SINGH A K, UPADHYAY S P, SINGH A P, SINGH C K (Mahayogi Gorakhnath Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh) : Role performance of Gram Panchayat members about agriculture development programmes in Faizabad district of Uttar Pradesh. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1885-9.

The study was conducted in Milkipur block of Faizabad district (U.P.), selected purposively. A total number of 100 respondents were selected through random sampling from the list of twenty samples Gram Panchayat. The structured schedule was develop keeping in view the objectives & variables under study. The respondents were contacted personally for data collection. The percentage, mean, standard deviation and correlation were used for calculation and drawing the inferences. The result revealed that Majority of the respondents (61 %) were observe in the medium category of awareness extent about agriculture development programmes followed by (21 %) high and (16 %) having low level. Like awareness extent most of the gram panchayat members (63 %) suffers from medium category of role performance about agriculture development programmes followed by (19 %) low and (18 %) having high level, respectively. Agriculture departmental staff cannot provides information due to inadequate staff, lack of training and less publicity to agricultural development programs was the major constraints faced by the respondents in a particular study.

3 illus, 4 tables, 7 ref

002342   MITHUN K, KALEEMULLAH S (Dr. NTR Coll of Agricultural Engineering, Bapatla, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh) : Optimization of osmotic dewatering process parameters of jackfruit bulb slices. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1871-7.

Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine optimum processing parameters i.e., osmotic solution concentration (40-60 °B), solution temperature (40-60 °C) and immersion time (60-180 min) during osmotic dehydration of jackfruit bulb slices by maximizing water loss (WL) and minimizing solid gain (SG) at fruit to solution ratio of 1:4. The water loss and solid gain ranged from 12-35 % and 1- 14 % respectively. The optimized process parameters were osmotic solution concentration of 60 °B, solution temperature of 57 °C and immersion time of 160 min at a maximum water loss of 33.1 % and minimum solid gain of 10.2 %.

2 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

002316   KARMAKAR A, PETER J K, SINGLA A, RAISAGAR A (Sam Higginbottom Univ of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh) : Production and characterization of PPBS from Brevundimonas aurantiaca KY231210 and Enterobacter cloacae KY231211. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1863-70.

The aim of present study was production of biosurfactant from selected microorganisms i.e. Brevundimonas aurantiaca KY231210 and Enterobacter cloacae KY231211 and after extraction characterization of PPBS via oil displacement assay, blood haemolysis assay, emulsification index with vegetable oils in different incubation (0, 24, 48, 72 and 96h) and estimation of carbohydrate, protein and lipid content. Mustard oil and sunflower oil were used for carbon source for production. Higher biosurfactant production was obtained with mustard oil. Brevundimonas aurantiaca KY231210 proved as better producer of biosurfactant production than Enterobacter cloacae KY231211 and recorded 4.31g/l yield. PPBS was obtained by solvent extraction and drying process. PPBS of Brevundimonas aurantiaca KY231210 showed highest zone of oil displacement than PPBS of Enterobacter cloacae KY231211 in both concentration (10 µl and 20 µl). PPBS of both bacterial cultures showed highest hemolytic zone on blood agar plates than culture and crude. PPBS of Enterobacter cloacae KY231211 showed β heamolysis whereas PPBS of Brevundimonas aurantiaca KY231210 showed α haemolysis. Emulsification index was decreased after each incubation. PPBS of Enterobacter cloacae KY231211 showed highest Emulsification index with soybean oil in 0h incubation while sunflower oil gave highest Emulsification index with PPBS of Brevundimonas aurantiaca KY231210. Presence of carbohydrate, protein and lipid was recorded in PPBS. PPBS of Enterobacter cloacae KY231211 showed higher amount of carbohydrate while protein content was higher in PPBS of Brevundimonas aurantiaca KY231210.

9 illus, 7 tables, 31 ref

002317   KAUR A, BRAR A S, BRAR A S (Agronomy Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana, Punjab) : To evaluate the effect of mulch, irrigation methods and schedules on yield and quality of turmeric (Curcuma longa). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1822-9.

A study was carried out at PAU, Ludhiana (Punjab) to evaluate the effect of mulch, Irrigation methods and schedules on yield and quality of turmeric (Curcuma longa). The experiment was laid out in split plot design keeping, combination of mulch levels (straw mulch @ 6 t/ha and no mulch) and irrigation methods (drip and check basin) in main plots and irrigation schedules (0.6 IW: CPE, 0.8 IW: CPE, 1.0 IW: CPE and 1.2 IW: CPE) in sub plots with three replications. Application of straw mulch resulted in significantly higher curcumin and oil yield as compared to no mulch treatment. Drip irrigation resulted in 41.1 and 42.2; 43.2 and 35.7 per cent higher curcumin and oil yield than check basin, respectively, in 1^st , 2^nd year. Crop raised with 1.2 IW: CPE schedule produced significantly higher growth and yield attributes than 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 IW: CPE schedules. Drip irrigation at 1.2 IW: CPE schedule gave maximum curcumin and oil yield, which was at par with drip irrigation at 1.0 IW: CPE but significantly better than all other combinations of methods of irrigation and irrigation schedule. Curcumin and oil content did not differ significantly with application of mulch, irrigation methods and schedules.

3 illus, 7 tables, 35 ref

002407   SIPPO M M, REDDY B S, KALEEL I (PJTSAU, Hyderabad, Telangana) : Interactive effects of irrigation and mulches on soil temperature and yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1809-14.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the comparative effect of different irrigation levels in combination with mulching materials on soil temperature, water use efficiency and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). Irrigation was scheduled at (I₁) 15 % available soil moisture depletion (ASMD), (I₂) 30 % ASMD (I₃), 45 % ASMD, and (I₄) 60 % ASMD with combination of black plastic mulch (M₁), wheat straw mulch (M₂) and bare soil (M₃) as a control. Comparatively, black plastic mulch increased soil temperature whiles wheat straw mulch decreased it over bare soil (control). The yield parameters; number of fruits, fruit yield per plant, per plot and per hectare were 4.03, 0.68 kg plant^-1 , 17.2 kg plot^-1 , and 17.2 tha^-1 recorded in M₃I₂ (30 % ASMD +black plastic mulch). The highest WUE was 292.97 kg/ha-cm obtained in treatment, M₃I₂. Using drip irrigation system, black plastic mulch resulted to 14.1 % water saving whiles wheat straw mulch 5.27 % over bare soil.

4 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

002376   RAVI KUMAR M R, HARISH D K, KUMARA B H (Agriculture Coll, Hanumanamatti, Ranebennur, Karnataka) : Low cost technology for management of panama wilt disease of banana by stem injection method. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1777-9.

Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Foc), is the most important disease of bananas in India. There is no effective control measure for this disease other than the use of resistant cultivars. The objective of this study was to evaluate newly available fungicides under in-vitro and invivo conditions for their efficacy against the responsible pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp, cubense (Foc). Results are proved that stem injection with carbendazium (0.3 %) + copper oxychloride (0.3 %) + Boric acid (0.3 %) 30 ml twice at 20 days intervals has maximum recovery after 10-15 days after first injection. However, injection with carbendazium (0.3 %) + COC (0.3 %) and carbendazium (0.3 %) + Boric acid (0.3 %) delayed recovery upto 35-45 days. Therefore, for the management of panama wilt of Banana can be managed by combined application of carbendazium (0.3 %) + copper oxychloride (0.3 %) + Boric acid (0.3 %) 30 ml.

2 tables, 16 ref