002330   KUMAR M, KUMAR S, KUMAR K (Vegetable Science Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar, Haryana) : Role of bio-pesticide in vegetables pest management: A review. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1757-63.

Bio-pesticides are considered as an alternative to chemical pesticide in modern vegetable production. We had to increase the vegetables yield in any way that's why we used chemical insecticide blindly. Obviously the chemical pesticide are not environment friendly and they are responsible for water, air and soil pollution as well as can spread cancer causing agents also. In view of these reasons, the scientist has found the option of chemical pesticide through bio-pesticide. There are different types of microorganisms Which are used in the Bio-pesticide. The role of Bio-pesticide in vegetables production assumes special significance, particularly in the present context of increased cost of chemical pesticide and their hazardous effects on environment. This review outlines the current state of knowledge on the potential use of biopesticides in global control of pests in vegetables.

2 tables, 67 ref

002352   PAL Y, RAM S, NIJESH P, SINGH R P (Vegetable Science Dep, Narendra Deva Univ of Agriculture & Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh) : Integrated use of fertilizer, biofertilizers and manure on growth and yield of green gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilzeck). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1741-3.

A field experiment was conducted in Rabi 2009-2010 to Integrated Use of Fertilizer, Bio fertilizer and manure on Growth and Yield of Green Gram (Vigna radiata L. wilzeck) the experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with 5 treatments. The results revealed that highest significant grain yield of 15.5 q ha^-1 and straw yield 40 q ha^-1 were recorded in the treatment T₅ = (N, P + B @ 2 kg ha^-1+Rhizobium+ FYM @ 10t ha^-1 ) as compared to all other treatments. Addition of different N levels with and without P and B, caused significant increase in plant height, number of branches plant^-1 (primary and secondary), Number of leafs plant^-1 , straw yield, grain yield, q ha^-1 . On the basis of results obtained it can be concluded that the balanced fertilization and high dose of nitrogen with P and B was found superior than alone application of treatments due to synergetic effect of N with P and B by green gram in terms of growth and yield parameters significantly.

1 illus, 6 tables, 7 ref

002327   KUMAR B (Dr. R.P.C.A.U., Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar) : Genetic divergence in sugarcane ratoon for productive traits and identification of better ratooner tolerant to water logging situation. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1688-93.

Underground stubbles of sixteen genotypes after harvest of the plant crop (2012-13) left for evaluation of their ratoon during 2013-14 at RPCAU Pusa Farm, Samastipur, Bihar under low land area and grand growth phase coincides with water-stagnation depth 40-45 cm for 2 to 3 month to know the extent of genetic divergence for productive traits and identification of better ratooner. The traits namely, number of Shoots at 120 days, plant height at 150, 240 and 330 days (at harvest), Cane diameter at harvest, number of millable cane at harvest, single cane weight at harvest, Brix % at 9 & 11 month, Pol % in juice at 9 & 11 month, purity % at 9 & 11 month, CCS Per cent at harvest, cane yield at harvest and CCSt/ha were showed highly significant variation. Ratoon of all the sixteen genotypes differed significantly with regard to the traits studied and displayed marked divergence and grouped into five clusters following Tocher’s method, Cluster I had seven genotypes namely, BO154, CoP092(CoP09437), CoP 02061(CoP 2061), CoP 091, CoP 111, BO155 and BO141 followed by Cluster II containing six viz. CoP 04181, BO146, BO91, CoSe 96436, CoP 081 & CoLk 94184 while Cluster III, IV and V were monogenotypic, comprising single genotype BO 147, BO 153 and CoX 07067, respectively. Maximum value for inter cluster distance was observed between cluster II and V (1050.77) followed by cluster III & V (817.02), cluster III & IV (623.84), cluster II & IV (567.85), cluster I & V (419.80) and between cluster I & II (319.39). The highest contribution towards genetic divergence was exhibited by pol % in juice at 9 month stage (45.0) followed by brix % at 11 month (15.0), CCS per cent at harvest (10.83), purity % at 11 month (8.33), single cane weight (7.50), pol % in juice at 11 month (5.0), plant height at 240 days (4.17), purity % at 11 month (2.50) and rest of the other traits had less than one. The genotype CoP 09437 had maximum value for cane yield (87.54 t/h) and CCSt/ha(10.0 t)/ha, as well as it performed top rank on the basis of percentage increase over both the checks (27.39 % over BO91 and 17.85 % over BO147 for cane yield while for CCS t/ha 53.37 % over BO91 and 31.41 % over BO147) followed by BO 154, CoX 07067 and CoP 2061, therefore these genotypes were Identified as better ratooner among the 16 genetically diverse genotypes under water-logging condition which would be cultivated in water-logging areas of Bihar to enhance the productivity and sugar recovery as well as it can be utilized as a water logging tolerant parent in sugarcane crossing programme.

2 illus, 5 tables, 18 ref

002395   SINGH M K (Genetics and Tree Improvement Div, Rain Forest Research Institute, Jorhat, Assam) : Potential of underutilized legume tree Parkia timoriana (DC.) merr. In eco-restoration of Jhum fallows of Manipur. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1685-7.

Jhum cultivation is an ancient method of agriculture practice that is being followed in many parts of the Northeast Himalayan region. In recent times, for ensuring food security of the increased population, the Demand for more land under shifting cultivation has been increased. As the land resources are limited there was no other option than reducing fallow period of abandoned jhum plots to 1 to 3 years. The availability of this less stock up period doesn’t allow fallow Jhum land to restore properly, hence exacerbate the problems of land degradation and deforestation in the region. This worsening of Jhum land is a matter of grave concern in many parts of NE Himalayan region, especially in the valleys of Manipur. Thus introduction of multipurpose tree like Parkia timoriana along with native bacterial bioinoculents could be Use as tool for enhancing growth of the plants, productivity of the land and eventually biodiversity status of the region.

1 illus, 18 ref

002305   HASSAN G I, BHAT Z A, SOFI J A, WANI A A, SOFI K A, WANI A W, KHAN O A, DAR A A, JOHN I, HAJAM M A (Fruit Science Div, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir) : Propagation of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) under controlled climatic conditions. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1675-7.

Wedge grafting was performed on two year old Persian walnut seedling stocks; in first week of March during the years of 2014 and 2015 under different low cost locally made polyethylene structures (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and in natural climatic conditions (T6). The pooled data observations revealed highest bud sprout (86.25 percent), grafting success (53.75 percent) and annual shoot growth (12.75 inches) under low tunnel-cum-trench (T4) against minimum figures of 47.50 percent, 2.50 percent and 6.20 inches respectively in natural climatic conditions (T6). Further, least number of days (54.67) were taken for shoot initiation under low tunnel- cum-trench against that of 78.25 days in natural climatic conditions.

2 tables, 20 ref

002357   PARA P K, TIWARI R K, SINGH S, TIWARI P (Agronomy Dep, JNKVV, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh) : Performance of direct seeded rice varieties at different levels of nitrogen in Rewa region of Madhya Pradesh. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1667-9.

A experiment entitled “Performance of rice varieties at different levels of nitrogen under direct seeded upland condition” was conducted during rainy season of 2017 at the JNKVV college of agriculture instruction farm, Rewa (M.P.). Objective of this experiment was to find out Performance of rice varieties at different levels of nitrogen under direct seeded upland condition. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with four replications. The treatments comprised twelve varieties IET-24797(V₁), Gotra Bidhan (V₂), PR 124(V₃), juit (V₄), Sahbhag (V₅), PS-5 (V₆), DRR Dhan 43 (V₇), PS-3 (V₈), JR-767(v₉), JR -81 (v₁₀), US 314 (v₁₁) and IR -64(v₁₂) and three nitrogen levels (50, 100 and 150 % RDF i.e. N₅₀, N₁₀₀ and N₁₅₀). The experiment were sown on 03 July, 2017 keeping a seed rate of 50 kg/ha and row spacing 30 cm and plant spacing 10 cm. the fertilizers were applied as per treatment. Among the variety IR-64 gave higher values of most of the growth and yield component characters and resulted in significantly highest grain yield (45.61 q/ha) and net income Rs. 57237/ha. Application of 150 kg N/ha produced highest growth characters: yield attributing traits and grain yield (37.70 q/ha) and net income (Rs. 46065/ha). The combination of variety IR-64 and 150 kg N/ha was found the best in respect of most of the growth and yield attributing characters along with grain yield (53.91 q/ha) followed by US-314 sown with 150 kg N/ha (47.90 q/ha). The economics of treatment 150 kg N/ha and variety IR-64 was also found the most net income Rs 77184/ha and B: C ratio 4.12.

1 table, 8 ref

002412   THORAT B S, KUNKERKAR R L, GIMHAVANEKAR V J, BHAVE S G (Agricultural Botany Dep, Dr. B. S. K. K. V, Dapoli, Maharashtra) : Performance of parents and their hybrids in rice (Oryza sativa L.). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1657-61.

The present investigation was carried out at the Experimental farm of Regional Agriculture Research Station, Karjat (Raigad). Studied the performance of F1s along with their parents and three standard checks was done during kharif 2016. The higher mean of hybrids for total number of spikelets panicle^-1 (253.59) was recorded over testers, lines and standard checks 235.19, 244.67, 223.86 respectively. The higher mean of hybrids for number of filled spikelets panicle^-1 233.70 over testers (200.77), lines 216.71 and standard checks 192.49 was recorded. The higher mean of hybrids for spikelet fertility 92.16 % was recorded over testers, lines and standard checks 85.52 %, 88.85 % and 85.51, respectively. The higher mean of hybrids for grain yield plant^-1 31.92 gram was recorded over testers, lines and standard checks 23.80 gram, 24.20 gram and 30.47 gram. Among the male parents, NPQ-49 recorded higher mean performance for most of the characters and identified as good combiner for some of traits while as among the females, line IR58025B recorded higher mean performance and identified as good combiner for most of the character, could be utilized for further hybridization programme. On the basis of per se performance, the hybrids viz., IR58025A x NPQ-49 and RTN12A x NPQ-49 was found to be the most promising and may be evaluated critically to judge its superiority in performance and seed production technique for its utility on commercial scale.

3 tables, 11 ref

002309   JAIN N, PRAJAPATI P, SINGH A (JNKVV, Umaria, Madhya Pradesh) : Enhancing productivity and profitability through herbicidal weed control in blackgram. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1654-6.

Field experiment was conducted at College of Agriculture, Tikamgarh during 2015-16 to assess the effectiveness of different herbicides for weed control in blackgram. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design replicated thrice with ten treatments consisted of pre emergence pendimethalin at 1 kg/ha and alachlor at 1 kg/ha, post emergence imazethapyr at 60, 75, 100, 150 g/ha at 14 DAS, quizalofop ethyl at 75 g/ha at 14 DAS, hand hoeing at 30 DAS, hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS and weedy check. The results revealed that hand weeding twice was most effective and recorded minimum weed density and dry weight among all the treatments. Application of imazethapyr at all the rates of application from 60 to 150 g/ha significantly reduced the weed intensity and weed dry weight and registered higher weed control efficiency as compared to quizalofop-ethyl followed by pendimethalin, alachlor and hand hoeing. Two hand weeding at 20 & 40 DAS recorded the highest seed yield (1410 kg/ha) among all the treatments followed by imazethapyr at all the rates of application. The net monetary return was maximum under hand weeding twice followed by imazethapyr at 150 g, 100 g and 75 g/ha but the benefit cast ratio was the highest under imazethapyr @ 75 g/ha. A strong negative correlation between weed dry weight and yield of blackgram clearly indicated that weed dry weight accounted for 73.20 % variation in yield of blackgram.

1 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

002276   BHATT L, SAMOTA M K, NAUTIYAL M K (Govind Ballabh Pant Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand) : Potential of underutilized, neglected or untrapped vegetables. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1650-3.

Underutilized crops are lesser-known plant species in terms of marketing and research, but well known to adapted by marginal and stress or unfavorable conditions. Their indigenous potential and Ethnobotanical data are well known to people, whereas, commercial importance and market value is unknown to the public. Although, Underutilized crops are the options for scaling-up neglected crops for large-scale agriculture appear to be increasingly exhausted, many species have the potential to contribute to food security, nutrition, dietary and culinary diversification, health and income generation. These UUC’s are multifold food crops as the treasures for the future India have greater potential for food and security, income generation and environmental services. These underutilized horticultural crops consumption in locally and the local people are aware about their nutritional and medicinal properties. Moreover, these are cheap and readily source for available .As the horticultural crops are contributing 3.14% of the total geographical area of the region. The region is one of the richest reservoirs of genetic variability and diversity of different horticultural crops, which exist in plant types, morphological and physiological variations, reactions to diseases and pests, adaptability and distribution.

1 table, 12 ref

002417   UPADHYAY S, MEHTA N (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, Raipur Indira Gandhi Krihi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh) : Variability studies in yellow seeded linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) genotypes of Chhattisgarh plains. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1647-9.

Sixty three (63) yellow seeded linseed genotypes taken from AICRP on linseed, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.) along with three checks (Surabhi, R-552, RLC-92) were evaluated for variability among yield and yield contributing traits in yellow seeded linseed at Raipur (C.G.). The highest genotypic coefficient of variation was recorded for number of capsules per plant (38.7) followed by number of seeds per plant (3), seed yield per plant (31.8), seed length (15.7) whereas, highest phenotypic coefficient of variation was observed for number of seeds per plant (55) followed by number of capsules per plant (39.7), seed yield per plant (35.7), seed length (18.2) indicating the existence of considerable amount of variability for those traits among the genotypes. Days to 50 % flowering and number of capsules/plant showed high heritability of 94 % followed by plant height (81 %). The significant genetic variability in any breeding material is a prerequisite as it does not only provide a basis for selection but also provide some valuable information regarding selection of diverse parents for use in hybridization programme.

1 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

002365   PERUMAL M D, SELVI D, CHITDESHWARI T, BALACHANDAR D (Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu) : Study of relationship between zinc fractions and selected soil properties of rice soils. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1643-6.

The present study was investigated that Zn fractions and their relationship with soil properties of paddy soils of Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu. Totally ten Soil samples were collected from Anaimalai and Thondamuthur blocks of Coimbatore district. The results showed that more than 80 per cent of total Zn occurred in residual fraction, while smaller fraction occurred as water soluble plus exchangeable (1.7 %), organically complexed (4.0 %), Fe oxide bound (8.0 %) and Mn oxide (14.5 %) forms. The relative Zn fractions for all the soil samples decreased in the following order: Res > MnOx> AFeOx>Org>WE-Zn. All these four Zn fractions showed no significant and negative correlation with any fractions, except Org. The between organically bound Zn fraction, organic carbon (0.36**) and available Fe (0.56**) was found to be significant and positive. The FeOx bound fraction positively correlated with organic carbon (0.09) and electrical conductivity (0.10**). The MnOx bound fraction was negatively correlated with organic carbon, available Zn and Mn and it was also significant. The residual fractions of zinc was negatively correlated with all soil properties.

4 tables, 16 ref

002378   REX IMMANUEL R, GANAPATHY M (Agronomy Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu) : Agro-techniques for afforestation of degraded coastal agricultural lands with silk cotton (Ceiba pentendra (L.) Gaertn.). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1587-90.

Agricultural land and agro-forest ecosystems symbolize the major background of a landscape and its sustainable management will play a key role in habitat conservation. Afforestation of degraded coastal agricultural lands with Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.) uplifts the income of farmers and enhances the tree cover outside the conventional forests. Accordingly, to test the agro techniques for the better establishment and growth of C. pentandra, a field experiment was conducted in degraded coastal agricultural land. The treatments consisted of land management methods viz., pit method, trench method, mound method and auger hole method of planting in the main plot and in sub plots, combination of ameliorative amendments such as FYM, composted coir pith and pressmud along with gypsum, ZnSO₄ and biofertilizers were employed. Based on the results of the present investigation it can be revealed that auger hole method of planting in combination with FYM @ 12.5 t ha^-1 , gypsum @ 200 kg ha^-1 , ZnSO₄ @ 25 kg ha^-1 , Azospirillum @ 2 kg ha^-1 and phosphobacteria @ 2 kg ha^-1 significantly registered the maximum establishment percentage of 83.21 (12 months after planting), plant height of 340.12 cm, girth measurement of 19.52 cm and RGR of 3.29 cm month^-1 (36 months after planting).

2 tables, 25 ref

002408   SUSEENDRAN K, STALIN P, KALAIYARASAN C, JAWAHAR S, MURUGAN G (Agronomy Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu) : Effect of integrated weed management practice on weed growth, yield attributes and yield of irrigated maze (Zea mays L.). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1583-6.

A Field investigation were carried out at the farmer’s field Namasivayapuram Village, Chinnasalem Taluk, Villupuram District and Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, during summer and kharif season 2013 to study the effect of Integration of chemical and cultural methods for weed management in maize. The experiment was laid out by adopting randomized block design with three replications. The experiment comprised of twelve treatments. The results of the experiments revealed that weed management practices had positive influence on yield attributes, yields and nutrient uptake of maize, number of grains per Cob, Test weight, No of grains per row, Grain weight per cob, Grain and Stover yield were recorded higher in, pre emergence application of atrazine at 1 kg ha^-1 + two hand weeding on 30 DAS. These treatments were found economical by recording higher net returns and B: C ratio compared to unweeded check.

3 tables, 8 ref

002286   DASH S P, SINGH J, SHARMA D (Centurion Univ of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi, Gajapati, Odisha) : Morphological characterization of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) germplasm. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1574-8.

Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is an important solanaceous vegetable in many countries of Asia and Africa. The crop is extremely variable in India, for this reason, the crop as being of Indian origin. Assessment of genetic resources is the starting point of any crop improvement programme. In the present study, 110 accessions of eggplant were maintained in All India Coordinated Research Project on Vegetable Crops, at Horticultural Research and Instruction Farm, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.) during kharif 2015 and evaluated for sixteen quantitative and twenty qualitative characters. A highly significant difference was observed for all characters. Most of genotypes showed intermediate growth habit, intermediate leaf lobing and acute leaf blade tip angle. Development of prickles in different plant parts was a predominant features. Prickles appeared in stem, petiole, calyx including peduncle and leaf including veins. Most of genotypes were early to mid-early flowering and born in three patterns i.e. solitary, cyme and mixed (both solitary and cyme). Out of 110 genotypes, 61 genotypes were having purple colour flowers, 30 genotypes were with purple white, while 19 genotypes had white colour flowers. The fruit shape was observed to variable and found oblong (19.09 %), round (15 %), medium long (18 %) and long (47.27 %). The genotypes fell into six fruit colour groups namely green (37.27 %), purple (25.45 %), milky white (13.62 %) purple black (12.72 %), light purple or liliac grey (9.09 %) and scarlet red (1.08 %).The genetic differences among the genotypes are potentially relevant to breeding programmes in that the variability created through hybridization of the contrasting forms could be exploited

2 tables, 11 ref

002279   BINDU H, BHUVANESHWARI G, JAGADEESH S L, GANIGER V M, RUDRESH D L, BHARATH KUMAR A (Post Harvest Technology Dep, Horticultural Sciences Univ, Bagalkot, Karnataka) : Evaluation of physical and functional properties of weaning food blended with banana, sweet potato and drumstick leaves powder. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1568-73.

The weaning period is a crucial period in an infant's life. At the age of 5–6 months, most infants begin to eat supplementary semisolid foods. At this stage homogenized infant foods play a major role in their nutrition. In developing country like India hidden hunger is one of the main problem due to deficiency of micronutrients like vitamins and minerals especially vitamin A, iron and zinc. Cereal gruel is the common complementary foods in developing countries, and it is usually low in energy and protein, thus increase in protein-energy malnutrition among underprivileged weaning aged children. In this context present experiment was conducted to formulate weaning food (7 treatments) for infants from malted wheat flour, malted ragi flour, malted green gram flour, roasted flax seed powder blended with banana, sweet potato and drumstick leaves powder. Functional and physical properties of the formulated samples were analyzed. The maximum L*(80.69) a* (1.70) and b* (12.63) values were recorded in T₇. Treatment T₁ [MWF (10 %) + MRF (10 %) + MGF (10 %) + BP (50 %) + SPP (10 %) + DLP (5 %) + RFP (5 %) had low bulk density (0.52 g/cc), water absorption capacity (43.88 %) and cooking time (2.54 min). This implies that it forms low viscous and high caloric density food per unit volume rather than a high viscosity or high volume density.

3 tables, 25 ref

002379   ROSHNI P, MURTHY N, JYOTHI K U, SUNEETHA D R S (Dr.Y.S.R.HU, Venkataramannagudem, Andhra Pradesh - 534 101) : Studies on biofertilizers and inorganics on growth and yield of carrot. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1559-62.

The investigation entitled “studies on biofertilizers and inorganics on growth and yield of carrot” was carried out at the Horticultural Research Station, Dr. Y. S. R. Horticultural University, Pandirimamidi, East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh during Rabi 2017-18. The experimental design adopted was the factorial RBD with three replications. The first factor, chemical fertilizers with three levels (100 %, 75 %, and 50 % of RDF) and second factor, the combination of five biofertilizers (PSB, KSB, Azospirillum, Azotobacter, VAM) were taken. The experiment included 12 treatment combinations. The results revealed that, among the chemical fertilizer levels, the application of 100 % recommended dose of fertilizers (75:60:50 kg/ha) and within the biofertilizer levels the combination of PSB+ KSB+ Azospirillum+ Azotobacter+ VAM showed a significant difference in the growth and yield characters in comparision with other levels. Among the interaction effects the combination of 100 % RDF+ PSB+ KSB+ Azospirillum+ Azotobacter+ VAM recorded highest values in terms of growth characters viz., plant height (72.59 cm), number of leaves (18.60), fresh and dry weight of plant (107.57 g and 34.25 g respectively) and yield characters viz., root length (23.07 cm), fresh and dry weight of root (121.99g and 37.52 g respectively), harvest index (53.55 %), yield per plot (5.82 kg/ plot) and yield per hectare (194 q/ha).

2 tables, 18 ref

002296   DIWAN S B, SAIYAD M, DHRUVE J J (Parul Univ, Vadodara, Gujarat) : Effect of foliar application of silicon on growth and development of Okra fruit. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1552-8.

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) (2n=130) is known in many English-speaking countries as lady's fingers or gumbo and it is a flowering plant in the Malvaceae family. Silicon is known as a multifunctional element that significantly increases plant growth, productivity, plant tolerance and enhances resistance against insect and pests. The aim of this investigation was to improve growth characters in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) by foliar application of silicic acid. A field experiment was conducted at main vegetable research station farm, Anand, to investigate whether foliar application of silicic acid could ameliorate the okra growth. Four okra cultivars GAO 5, Pusa sawani, AOL 1022 and Arka anamika were exposed to four treatments of silicic acid with different time intervals. The fruit length, weight, girth, volume, no of fruits per plant, plant height and 100 seed weight were recorded higher in GAO 5 and foliar spray of silicic acid at 15 DAG i.e. treatment (T₂). Disease incidence was found to be reduced at early stage foliar spray of silicic acid treatment (T₂) compared to all other treatments. Among the different crop growth stages, at early vegetative stage i.e. 15 DAG had greater beneficial effect on okra fruit, followed by fruit received from late vegetative (T₃=30 DAG) and flowering stage (T₄=45 DAG0. Applications of silicic acid enhanced the overall growth of okra varieties.

8 illus, 14 ref

002366   PERUMAL M S, SIVAKUMAR G, SRINIVASPERMAL A P, KALAISUDARSON S, PARIMALA G (Agronomy Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu) : Effect of system of rice intensification on yield attributes towards enhancement of grain yield in rice. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1541-3.

The experiments revealed that effect of age old seedling, spacing, weed management by conoweeder, chemical weeding, manual weeding, nutrient management with organic and inorganic fertilizer and alternate wetting and drying on the yield attributes, (number of panicle m^-2, number of grain panicle), was favourably influenced by SRI (use of 8-12 days old seedling, 25 x25 cm of spacing, saturation of water, four times con wedding only with inorganic) in both the cropping seasons. Subsequent high yield is obtained from SRI (use of 8-12 days old seedling, 25 x25 cm of spacing, four times of con wedding, saturation water, use of 75 % inorganic+ 25 % organic). The least grain yield and straw yield was recorded in conventional method of transplanting.

1 table, 17 ref

002389   SHOBHARANI M, SIDRAMAPPA, SUNILKUMAR N M (Agricultural Sciences Univ, Raichur, Karnataka) : Evaluation of different doses of Novaluron 5.25 % + Indoxacarb 4.5 % SC for the management of lepidopteron pests on soybean. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1528-31.

The present study was conducted during kharif, 2012-13 and 2013-14 at Agricultural Research Station, Bidar to assess the efficacy of ready mix insecticide, Novaluron 5.25 % + Indoxacarb 4.5 % SC at different doses along with other insecticides for the management of Spodoptera litura, Helicoverpa armigera and other lepidopteron pests infesting soybean. Among the different insecticides evaluated, Novaluron 5.25 % + Indoxacarb 4.5 % SC @ 875 ml/ha and 825 ml/ha were proved superior by recording lowest larval population of lepidopteron pests and recorded highest grain yield.

4 tables, 11 ref

002388   SHIVAKUMAR R, BRIDGIT T K, RETHEESH P K (Agronomy Dep, PJTSAU, Hyderabad, Telangana) : Study on N, P, K uptake influenced by the application of hydrogel and mulching on maize (Zea mays L.) in sandy soil. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1524-7.

A research trial was conducted to Study on N, P, K uptake influenced by the application of hydrogel and mulching on maize in sandy soil by using randomised block design with two factors (hydrogel and mulching) with three levels each and one additional control. Main and interaction effects and a control were analysed statistically. Application of hydrogel @ 2.5 kg ha^-1 recorded the highest stover, grain and total N and P uptake. The highest K uptake by grain was recorded by application of hydrogel @ 2.5 kg ha^-1 , while maximum stover and total K uptake was recorded in hydrogel @ 3.75 kg ha^-1 . Among types of mulch maximum stover, grain and total N, P, K uptake was recorded by the application of rice straw mulch @ 5 t ha^-1 . Among interactions, maximum total N and P uptake was recorded in which hydrogel @ 2.5 kg ha^-1 with rice straw mulch @ 5 t ha^-1 and maximum total K uptake was recorded in hydrogel @ 3.75 kg ha^-1 with rice straw mulch applied @ 5 t ha^-1 .

1 table, 13 ref

002338   MISHRA P, NAGAICH K N (Horticulture Dep, RVSKVV, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh) : Response of gibberellic acid on growth and yield of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) Cv. Japanese white. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1521-3.

In order to study the response of Gibberellic acid on growth and yield of radish the field experiment was conducted in the year 2010 at Experimental field of Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Gwalior. Observations were recorded on ten yield and yield attributing characters viz., plant height (cm), plant spread (cm), number of leaves/plant, leaf length (cm), fresh weight of leaves/plant (g), root girth (cm),root length (cm), fresh weight of root (g), dry weight of root (g) and yield (q/ha.). Five concentrations of gibberellic acid (10 ppm, 20 ppm, 30 ppm, 40 ppm, 50 ppm) along with control were applied on radish and it was concluded that GA3 sprayed at 50 ppm resulted in significantly increased numbers of leaves/plant, leaf length, fresh weight and dry weight of leaves, and root yield.

6 tables, 14 ref

002370   PRIYANKA, CHAUHAN K C, SHARMA H (Forestry Dep, Narendra Deva Univ Of Agriculture And Technology, Kumarganj Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh) : Effect of sulphur and zinc on different character of grasses production in various seasons. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1518-20.

Awareness and adoption of improved fodder production and conservation technologies among farmers will increase the production & availability of green fodder in term of quality and quantity significantly. NDDB demonstrates cultivation of improved varieties of fodder crops viz. cereals (maize, sorghum, pearl millet, oats, barley), legumes (Lucerne, berseem, cowpea, guar, rice bean, velvet bean), perennial grasses (hybrid napier, guinea grass, congo-signal grass, para grass) and perennial pasture legume (siratro, clitoria, stylo) and fodder trees (sheveri, gliricidia, augusthi, drum stick) to farmers / trainees visiting the Fodder Demonstration unit (FDU). Regular training programmes on fodder production and conservation technologies are being conducted for exposure of fodder officers and field staff from different milk unions for fodder development purpose. Present investigation was conducted at Main Experiment Station of Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad (U.P.) during rainy, winter and summer season 2011-2012. In many cases the production of grass for cattle fodder is a valuable intercrop between crops for human consumption, because it builds the organic matter in the soil. Some agricultural byproducts fed to animals may be considered unsavory by human consumers.

3 tables, 7 ref

002292   DHANRAJ P, GOWDA A P M, KADEMANI A J, SHANKARAPPA T H, KUMAR S A, DHANUSH S L, NETRAVATHI (Plantation Dep, KRC Coll of Horticulture, Arbhavi, Karnataka) : Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on soil microbial load and nodulation at different growth stages in Clitorea ternatea L. under irrigation condition. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1515-7.

A field experiment was conducted to assess the Effect of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria on soil microbial load and nodulation at different growth stages in Clitorea ternatea L. under irrigation condition at College of Horticulture, UHS campus, GKVK Post, Bengaluru during 2016-2017. The experiments were comprised of ten treatments and they were replicated thrice in RCBD. The maximum Bradyrhizobium japonicum (13.75 CFU) and Pseudomonas fluorescence population (14.18 CFU) was recorded with seed treatment of Bradyrhizobium japonicum + Pseudomonas fluorescence with application of full dose of RDF and number of nodules (3.51, 19.14 and 26.15), fresh weight of nodules (136.69 mg, 860.67 mg and 1196.40 mg) and dry weight of nodules (50.21 mg, 284.40 mg and 563.06 mg) are found maximum at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing respectively, with seed treatment of Bradyrhizobium japonicum + Pseudomonas fluorescence with application of full dose of RDF.

2 tables, 6 ref

002271   BATHULA S, JAYALALITHA K, ASHOKA RANI Y, SREE REKHA M, ALI M A (Crop Physiology Dep, ANGRAU, Lam, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh - 522 034) : Zinc induced osmoregulation and antioxidant defence system in mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) under drought stress. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1511-4.

A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2017-18 at agricultural college farm, Bapatla to investigate the effect of seed pretreatment and foliar application of zinc on osmoregulation and antioxidant defence system in mungbean under drought stress, in a split plot design with three replications. The treatments comprised of two main treatments viz., no stress i.e. control (M₀) and stress from flowering stage (i.e. from 30 DAS) up to harvest (M₁) and seven sub-treatments viz., no zinc application (S₀), seed treatment with 0.05 % and 0.075 % ZnSO₄ solutions for 5 hrs before sowing (S₁ and S₂), foliar spray of 300, 400 and 500 ppm ZnSO₄ at 30 DAS (S₃, S₄ and S₅) and water spray at 30 DAS (S₆). The results of the study revealed that Leaf proline and super oxide dismutase (SOD) contents were enhanced by 10.3 and 30.0 per cent, respectively, in the plants that were subjected to water stress from flowering stage compared to control plants, which is an indication of plants adaption to abiotic stress conditions. Among zinc treatments, foliar spray of zinc @ 500 ppm at 30 DAS and seed pre-treatment with zinc @ 0.075 % before sowing increased the proline and SOD activities by 10.8 and 9.0; 21.3 and 13.5 per cent, respectively, over untreated (control) plants at 60 DAS. It can be concluded that the use of zinc spray @ 500 ppm at 30 DAS counteracted the deleterious effects of water stress on mungbean by osmoregulation and antioxidant defence mechanism.

2 tables, 21 ref

002321   KRISHNAPRABU S (Agronomy Dep, Annamalai Univ, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu - 608 002) : Effect of green manuring and nitrogen levels on soil health and yield of rice. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1508-10.

A field experiment was conducted at Experimental Farm, Annamalai University to find out the effect of green manuring and nitrogen levels on soil health and yield of rice. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with twenty five treatment combinations resulting from five age of sesbania as main treatments and five nitrogen levels as sub treatments, replicated thrice. Results of the investigation indicated that green manure help in the reduction processes leading to the change in pH, EC, higher content of organic carbon and available NPK. The microbial count, Actinomycetes, Azotobacter and Azospirillum increased in soil when green manuring with Sesbania aculeata was incorporated. Maximum grain and straw yield recorded in 60 days old Sesbania and 90 kg N ha^-1 beyond which the use of nitrogen was not economical with respect to nutrient uptake. Green manuring crop of Sesbania, if incorporated in soil of an age 45-60 days period have provided more benefits to the rice crop. Maximum uptakes of nutrient were obtained if the rate of application of N was up to 60 kg ha^-1 . There is improvement in soil organic carbon; available nutrients, microbial population and crop yield due to use of Sesbania aculeata along with fertilizer N.

3 tables, 8 ref

002343   MOHANLAL V A, SARAVANAN K, SABESAN T (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu) : Linear regression model for stability analysis in blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) germplasm. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1481-3.

Twenty-one blackgram genotypes were evaluated over three seasons to identify stable genotypes for eleven quantitative characters in blackgram. The stability analysis was carried out by Eberhart and Russell method where, analysis of variance showed significant differences among the genotypes for all the characters indicating the presence of inherent genetic variability. Genotype × environment interaction, showed significant variance for all the characters indicating considerable effect of seasons on genotypes. The seasonal indices stated that among the three seasons studied, season 1 and 3 was found as favourable, season 2 was fair, thus stating that Markazhi - Thaipattam (Winter irrigated) was found to be suitable for blackgram production. For seed yield per plant, none of the genotypes were found as stable. Genotypes KU-11680, VBG-12062 and ADT-5 were suitable for favourable environment and KGB-28 was suitable for unfavourable environment.

3 tables, 8 ref

002371   PRIYANKA, KUMAR N, CHAUHAN K C (Forestry Dep, Narendra Deva Univ Of Agriculture And Technology, Kumarganj Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh) : Effect of sulphur and zinc on yield and quality of grasses grown in silvi-pastoral system of agro forestry in various seasons. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1473-6.

In many sodic soils sodicity originates from the nature of the parent material and pedogenic processes. There are also sodic soils where sodicity arises from anthropogenic processes (human activity), and this is termed secondary sodification. Irrigation with sodic water or without proper drainage, forest clearing, and other land management practices that lead to water logging are key activities that may yield rapid secondary sodification. The experiment was carried out during 2011-2012 in Dalbergia sissoo based silvipastoral system raised on sodic waste land at Main experiment station Forestry of Narendra Deva university of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj Ayodhya (U.P). Based on the result obtained from the present investigation, it may be concluded that Sulphur application @ 60 kg ha^-1 and zinc @ 15 kg ha^-1 was found most effective for tree growth characters increment of tree height, dbh, canopy, length and width of Dalbergia sissoo. Plant height of grasses Pennisetum purpureum, Brachiaria mutica, Penicum maximum, number of tillers hills^-1 with high chlorophyll and protein contents in grasses.

3 tables, 8 ref

002354   PANDEY M K, SINGH R, SINGH A, MISHRA B K (Plant Pathology Dep, Tilakdhari Post Graduate Coll, Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh) : Influence of dates of sowing, disease incidence and crop yield against Alternaria blight (Alternaria lini) of linseed. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1459-61.

Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is an important oil seed crop grown for dual purposes seed and fibre. To study the influence of dates of sowing and disease incidence and severity of Alternaria blight the year of 2015-16, 2016-17. The field trial was carried out using randomized block design with six treatments at different dates of sowing having three replication combinations at the interval of 10 days using variety EC-544. The observation was recorded the lowest disease incidence found 41.30 % in the treatment (T₆) with the maximum yield of 7.85 q/ha in 2015-16 and the maximum disease incidence in year 2015-16 was found in treatment (T₁) having 70.80 % with the lowest yield of 1.65 q/h. In year 2016-17 with the same technical programme of 2015-16, the lowest disease incidence of 43.90 % with the maximum yield of 7.35 q/h and the highest disease incidence 86.81 % found in the treatment (T₁) with the minimum yield of 1.35 q/ha.

1 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

002387   SHARMA K, NEGI M (Fruit Science Dep, VCSG, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand) : Effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers on plant growth of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) cv. Shimla delicious under mid-hill conditions of Uttarakhand. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1440-4.

An experiment was carried out during 2017-2018 and to study the effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers on plant growth, yield and quality of Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) cv. Shimla Delicious under mid-hill conditions of Uttarakhand. There were 9 treatments replicated thrice in randomized complete block design. Treatments comprise different doses of organic manures and inorganic Fertilizers. Plant spread, leaves per plant, duration of fruiting, no. of flowers per plant, no. fruits per plant, percentage of fruit set, fruit yield per plot and physicochemical characteristics of plant i.e. TSS, reducing sugar, non reducing sugar and total sugar were also found maximum under the treatment 75 % Organic Manure FYM+ Inorganic Fertilizer NPK (T₈). While maximum no. of runners per plant found among the treatment 75 % Organic Manure (Poultry Manure) +25 % Inorganic Fertilizer NPK (T₄). However the maximum acidity of fruit juice (0.72 %) was observed in treatment 25 % Organic Manure (FYM) + 75 % Inorganic Fertilizer RDF (T₆).

5 tables, 15 ref

002367   PRAJAPATI P J, JOSHI N S, PATEL M L, PARMAR V S, GADHIYA K K, HADIYA N J (Junagadh Agricultural Univ, Amreli, Gujarat) : Impact of frontline demonstrations on yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Amreli district of Gujarat state. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1431-3.

Front Line demonstrations (FLDs) is a unique approach to provide an direct interface between researcher and farmers as the scientists are directly involved in planning, execution and monitoring of the demonstrations. The present study was conducted to assess the impact of frontline demonstrations of chickpea crop in the Amreli district of Gujarat state. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a highly nutritious grain legume crop and is widely appreciated as health food as well as high return crop. Front line demonstrations were conducted at 90 farmers’ fields under 25.5 ha, to demonstrate production potential and economic benefits of improved technologies. Study revealed that improved cultivation practices comprised under FLDs viz., recommended varieties, seed rate, timely sowing and plant protection technology resulted in increase in yield in gram crop over the check plots. The improved technologies gave higher yields and recorded a mean yield of 19.72, 20.90 and 21.11 q/ha chickpea yield during 2015- 16, 2016-17 and 2017-18, respectively which was 28.7, 19.8, and 21.7 percent higher compared to prevailing farmers practice.

2 tables, 7 ref

002308   JADEYEGOWDA M, BANDI A G, REDDY V C, KALYANA MURTHY K N (Agronomy Dep, Agricultural Sciences Univ, Bengaluru, Karnataka) : Identification of suitable intercrops performance under aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L) cultivation. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1419-22.

A Field experiment was conducted during Kharif season of 2004 and 2005 at UAS, Hebbal Bangalore, to investigate the suitable intercrops performance under aerobic rice (Oryza sativa) cultivation. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replication having two factors, factor A (2) row patterns, and factor B: Intercrops (7) and thus experiment was comprised of 14 treatments. Normal row spacing: (45 x 20 cm) and in paired row spacing: (30/60 cm x 20. The Intercrop combinations were as follows, I₁ –Rice + Bhendi, I₂-Rice + Cluster bean,I₃-Rice + French bean, I₄-Ric+Ragi, I₅ -Rice +Radish, I₆-Rice + Soybean,I₇-Rice + Sunhemph.Significantly higher grain yield (23.7q ha^-1 ) was obtained in paired row intercrops than in normal row (19.7q ha^-1 ) intercropping. Among various inter cropping systems, significantly higher grain yield (27.7 q ha^-1 ) was recorded with Rice + bhendi intercropping system and it was statistically on par with Rice+ cluster bean (26.0 q ha^-1 ) intercropping systems. Significantly lower grain yield (6.8 q ha^-1 ) was obtained in rice+ Ragi intercropping system.

2 tables, 9 ref

002275   BHARETI P, PUROHIT S, SINGH D P, KHULBE R K (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, G. B. Pant Univ of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, US Nagar, Uttarakhand) : Genetic diversity in yield and yield component in Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L) Hepper]. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1369-72.

34 genotypes collected from various sources were grouped into six clusters following Mahalanobis D² statistics. Cluster III was the largest (12 genotypes) followed by clusters II (eight), VI (Six) and VI (four). The maximum intra-cluster distance was observed in cluster III, II and V suggesting that genotypes are having diverse genetic architecture. The inter-cluster distance was high between clusters V and VI there by indicating wide range of variation among the clusters. The per cent contribution towards genetic diversity was high in 100 seed weight (59.00 %), days to 50 % flowering (15.15 %) and days to maturity (11.94 %), Selection pressure on these traits may lead to an overall increase in grain yield per plant. The inter-cluster representatives of distant clusters would be more useful for choosing the parents in hybridization programme.

2 illus, 4 tables, 12 ref

002326   KUMAR A, SINGH J K (Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh) : Plant nutrient concentration in rice (Oryza sativa) and properties of soil as influenced by integrated nitrogen management under system of rice intensification. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1366-8.

A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India during the two consecutive rainy (Kharif) and winter (Rabi) seasons of 2015-16 and 2016-17 with rice-wheat sequence in split plot design to study the influence of integrated nitrogen management on plant nutrient concentration in rice and properties of soil under system of rice intensification. The results obtained from the two years study showed that the nitrogen content in the grain and straw remained significantly unaffected due to the various varieties of rice. Among integrated nitrogen management, the higher concentration of nitrogen in grain and straw of rice was attributed to the plots treated with 75 % recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through urea along with 25 % nitrogen through Azolla microphylla which was at par with the application of 75 % RDN + 25 % RDN through sewage sludge applied to rice crop. The results on phosphorus content in grain and straw of rice revealed the non-significant variation due to different varieties and integrated nitrogen management practices. Further, the potassium content in grain recorded higher with the rice variety ‘HUR-4-3’ being at par with ‘HUR-105’ while, the potassium content in straw was highest with ‘HUR-4-3’. The integrated nitrogen management with 75 % RDN and 25 % N through Azolla microphylla exhibited the highest content of potassium in grain and straw. Moreover, different varieties and integrated nitrogen management applied to rice crop resulted statistically non-significant variation in soil properties viz., bulk density, particle density, water holding capacity and electrical conductivity during the course of study.

2 tables, 9 ref

002353   PANDEY A K, PATHAK S, BARMAN P, TIWARI D (Fruit Science Dep, Navsari Agricultural Univ, Navsari, Gujarat) : Influence of macro nutrients and plant growth regulators on biochemical traits and antioxidant production in strawberry. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1352-6.

A field experiment was conducted during 2010-12 to study the effect of different levels of macronutrients viz. nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) in combination with plant growth regulators viz. gibberellic acid (GA₃) and paclobutrazol (PP₃₃₃) on bio-chemical attributes of strawberry cv. Chandler. The experiment was laid out in the factorial randomized block design with three replications and three plants per replication. The treatments were formulated with 3 levels of N (40, 60 and 100 Kg ha^-1 ) and K (20, 40 and 60 kg ha^-1 ) applied in the form of urea and MOP, respectively along with foliar spray of 50 ppm GA₃ and 300 ppm PP₃₃₃. Among the treatment combinations, application of 60 kg of N and 40 kg of K along with 300 ppm PP₃₃₃ was found to be superior in terms of total soluble solids (9.39 and 9.46 ^oBrix), total sugars (6.94 and 7.09 %) and total anthocyanin content (46.67 and 48.77 mg 100g^-1 edible portion) during 2010-11 and 2011-12, respectively, while total soluble proteins and total free amino acids were significantly more in plants supplied with 60:40 kg ha^-1 N:K combined with 50 ppm GA₃ and plants treated with 100:60 kg ha^-1 N:K in combination with 50 ppm GA₃ in both the years, respectively.

3 tables, 41 ref

002390   SHRUTHI V H, HIREGOUDAR S, NIDONI U, RAMACHANDRA C T, JHADAV K (Processing and Food Engineering Dep, Agricultural Sciences Univ, Raichur, Karnataka) : Effect of process variables on physical properties of corn (variety: popcorn: sugar baby) extrudates. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1345-51.

As the world population continues to grow, the demand for human food and animal feed grows exponentially. Corn flour fortified with rice bran and pigeon pea brokens was extruded using a twinscrew extruder. Blends were prepared with three levels of feed composition (92:4:4, 94:3:3 and 96:2:2; corn: rice barn: pigeonpea broken), feed moisture (15, 17.5 and 20 %) and extrusion condition threebarrel temperatures (110, 120, and 130 °C). The extruded products were evaluated for their physical properties like expansion ratio, moisture retention, bulk density, mass flow rate, specific mechanical energy, colour value (L * value). A Box-Behnken experimental design and response surface methodology was used to evaluate the significance of independent and interaction effects of extrusion process variables. The independent variables had significant (p≤0.05) effects on physical properties of extrudates. The optimized condition for the preparation of corn based extruded product was found to be 130 °C temperature, 20 % of feed moisture and 92:4:4 feed composition at constant screw speed of 350 rpm. The optimized extrusion processing parameters showed higher value of expansion ratio (3.21), mass flow rate (4.01 g/s) and L * value (65.42), and minimum values of bulk density (0.13 g/cc), moisture retention (24.55  %) and specific mechanical energy (25.29 kJ/kg). As per the design expert software the selected optimized process condition was found to be desirability of 0.698.

3 tables, 33 ref

002420   VALVI H T, SAYKAR A D, BANGAR V R (Plant Pathology Dep, Agriculture Coll, Dapoli, Maharashtra) : In vitro and in vivo field efficacy of different fungicides against Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc. causing Alternaria leaf spot of cauliflower. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1333-7.

The Alternaria leaf spot caused by A. brassicae (Berk.) Sacc is one of the destructive disease of Cauliflower in Konkan region of Maharashtra. In the present study, bio efficacy of seven fungicides tested under in vitro conditions against the pathogen. Among that, Mancozeb 75 % WP (0.25 %) was completely inhibited the growth of the test fungus. It was followed by Propiconazole 25 % EC (0.1 %) which showed 96.29 per cent inhibition of the test fungus and was at par with Mancozeb. No sporulation was observed in Mancozeb 75 % WP, Propiconazole 25 % EC and Difenconazole 25 % EC. Among the different fungicides tested under field conditions, all the fungicidal treatments were significantly superior over control after last spray. The treatment Mancozeb 75 % WP was the most effective as it recorded minimum disease incidence (28 %). It was followed by Azoxystrobin 23 % EC which recorded 29 % disease incidence.

2 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

002350   OLA S, SHARMA N, SHARMA B C, KUMAR A, CHAND G, PUNIYA R (Agronomy Div, SKUAST-J, Chatha, Jammu and Kashmir) : Optimization of phosphorus and potassium levels for productivity enhancement of fine rice in irrigated sub tropics of Jammu. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1329-32.

Field experiment was conducted at Research Farm, Division of Agronomy during kharif season 2016 to find out the optimum dose of phosphorus and potassium for the productivity enhancement of fine rice in irrigated sub-tropics of Jammu. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with three replications. 30 day old seedlings of cultivar SJR-129 were planted at a spacing of 20 cm X 10 cm. The treatments consisted of four phosphorus levels (control, 20, 40 and 60 kg P₂O₅ ha^-1 ), and four potassium levels (control, 10, 20 and 30 kg K₂O ha^-1 ). Rice crop was fertilized with 60 kg N ha^-1 . The experimental results revealed that among the levels of phosphorous, 60kg P₂O₅ ha^-1 recorded significantly highest plant height, number of tillers m^-2 , dry matter accumulation, yield attributes and grain yield (4.31 t ha^-1 ) which was statistically at par with 40 and 20kg P₂O₅ ha^-1 . Amongst the potassium levels, application of 30 kg K₂O ha^-1 though being at par with 20 and 10 kg K₂O ha^-1 recorded significantly highest plant height, number of tillers m^-2 , dry matter accumulation, yield attributes and grain yield (4.33 t ha^-1 ). Economically optimum level can be realized with 28 kg P₂O₅ ha^-1 and 18 kg K₂O ha^-1 for yield optimization of fine rice.

2 illus, 4 tables, 11 ref

002374   RAMESH S, SUDHAKAR P, ELANKAVI S, SUSEENDRAN K, JAWAHAR S (Agronomy Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu) : Crop growth rate (CGR), root length, panicle length and grain yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) as influenced by gibberellic acid. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1325-8.

Field investigations were carried out at the Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University during early samba (2013) and thaladi (2014) to study the crop growth rate, root length, panicle length and grain yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) as influenced by gibberellic acid. The experiments comprised of seven treatments viz., T₁ - Gibberellic acid @ 5 g ha^-1 , T₂ - Gibberellic acid @ 10 g ha^-1 , T₃ - Gibberellic acid @ 15 g ha^-1 , T₄ - Gibberellic acid @ 20 g ha^-1 , T₅ - Gibberellic acid @ 25 g ha^-1 , T₆ - Triacontanol 0.05 % EC @ 250 ml ha^-1 and T₇ - Control. The treatments were conducted in randomized block design (RBD) and replicated thrice. Rice variety BPT 5204 was used as test variety in both the seasons of study. The crop growth rate (CGR), root length, number of tillers m^-2 and panicle length were strikingly impressive by Gibberellic acid @ 25 g ha^-1 in both seasons. Among the different treatments, Gibberellic acid @ 25 g ha^-1 recorded the higher grain yield. This was followed by Gibberellic acid @ 20 g ha^-1 . Triacontanol 0.05 % EC @ 250 ml ha^-1 and Gibberellic acid @ 10 g ha^-1 were next in order and were on par in their values. The lowest grain yield was recorded in control (no foliar spray). Based on the above experimental results, it could be concluded that cultivation of rice with foliar application of Gibberellic acid @ 25 g ha^-1 significantly registered higher crop growth rate (CGR), tillers number m^-2 , root and panicle length and grain yield. The dosage of Gibberellic acid @ 25 g ha^-1 was found to be an agronomically sound and ecologically safe practice for augmenting higher productivity of rice.

2 tables, 15 ref

002414   TRIPATHI N, KUMAR K, TIWARI R, VERMA O P (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, N.D. Univ of Agriculture and Technology Kumarganj, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh) : Assessing genetic variability in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern and Coss.) for seed yield and it’s contributing attributes under normal and saline/alkaline condition. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1322-4.

Twenty diverse genotypes of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern and Coss.) with four checks were evaluated for thirteen quantitative traits under normal condition (NS) and saline/alkaline condition (SS). The variability studies indicated that high PCV (phenotypic coefficient of variability) and GCV (genotypic coefficient of variability) was observed in case of secondary branches/plant, biological yield/plant and seed yield/plant in both the conditions (NS and SS) while moderate PCV and GCV was observed in case of number of primary branches/plant, length of main raceme, seeds/ siliquae and harvest index in both the conditions (NS and SS). Days to 50 % flowering, days to maturity in NS and in SS, days to 50 % flowering, days to maturity and plant height showed lower PCV and GCV. High heritability in broad sense was noted for all the characters in both the conditions (NS and SS) except for days to 50 % flowering and primary branches/plant in NS and days to maturity in SS which showed moderate heritability while high genetic advance as % of mean was noted for all the characters except for days to 50 % flowering, days to maturity, plant height, primary branches/plant and oil content in both the conditions (NS and SS). High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent mean was observed for secondary branches per plant followed by plant height, length of main raceme, siliquae on main raceme, 1000-seed weight, biological yield per plant, seed yield per plant and harvest index in NS and in SS, it was for secondary branches per plant followed by primary branches per plant, length of main raceme, siliquae on main raceme, seeds per siliqua, 1000-seed weight, biological yield per plant, seed yield per plant and harvest index, indicating the involvement of additive gene action. Hence, emphasis should be given to select these quantitative traits to enhance the yield potential of Indian mustard in normal as well as saline/alkaline condition.

2 tables, 10 ref

002293   DHAR M, MANDAL J, MAITY T K, MOHANTA S (Horticulture and Post Harvest Technology (HPHT) Dep, Visva-Bharati (A Central Univ), Sriniketan, West Bengal) : Evaluation of kharif onion (Allium cepa L.) varieties under different planting dates. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1317-21.

In a field experiment the performance of eight onion varieties (Bhima Dark Red, Bhima Super, Bhima Shubhra, Bhima Shweta, Bhima Raj, Bhima Red, Baswant-780 and Agrifound Dark Red) were assessed under four transplanting dates (1^st and 15^th August and 1^st and 15^th September) to make off-season onion production a success in western Red & Laterite Zone of West Bengal. Delay in planting from August to September significantly increases the growth and yield parameters of onion varieties. Higher total and marketable bulb yield per hectare was obtained from Bhima Shweta, Baswant-780 and Agrifound Dark Red. Thus, red onion varieties Baswant-780 and Agrifound Dark Red and white onion variety Bhima Shweta may be advocated to grow under Red & Laterite Zone of West Bengal during September month for high marketable yield.

4 tables, 18 ref

002291   DHANAI R, NEGI R S, SINGH S (Agriculture Dep, Uttaranchal (P.G.) Coll of Bio-medical Sciences & Hospital, Dehradun, Uttarakhand) : Factors influencing farmers decisions to technological adoption for enhancing livelihoods security in Rudraprayag district, Uttarakhand, India. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1312-6.

This paper summarizes the results of an adoption study conducted in between 2014 and 2016 in district Rudraprayag, Uttarakhand, to determine the level and extent of adoption of selected technologies. This study aimed to identify reason of low adoption rates and policy lapses in adoption of technologies for future conduct of research and research-extension linkages. A sample of 604 household from 64 villages was randomly selected from three different blocks of the district to determine the distribution of adoption of the technologies. Semi-structured questionnaire and interview method were used to collect the primary data and survey questions used to identify the factors that affect farmer’s decision on adoption of technology. Adoption rate was highest for the cases of inorganic fertilizer (52.21 %), improved seed (19.48 %), bio/vermicompost (11.03 %), polyhouse (9.93 %), water harvesting tank (6.99). The high rates of adoption may be due to extensive diffusion of technology. The results of the logistic regression model show that the age and education of household head (HHAge and HHEdu), land size (TLand), institutional support for adopting the new technology (InsSupp) and farmers cosmopoliteness (Cosmopo) are the main determinants of the adoption of new farm technology. The model shows that after keeping the other variables constant, the effect of variables such as age and education of the household head, area of agriculture land, institutional support and cosmopoliteness, favours adoption. This study will assist the policy makers to develop and extent area specific suitable technology with proper technical know-how for higher extension and adoption of the technology.

3 tables, 28 ref

002403   SINGH S, SINGH V B, TYAGI N (Vegetable Science Dep, Dr. Y.S. Parmar Univ of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh) : Character association and path analyses in sponge gourd. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1293-7.

Knowledge about the degree of association of yield with components and the interrelationships among them may prove useful in crop improvement. Correlation and path coefficient analyses were carried out for 13 characters of yield and its components. Character association indicated that fruit yield per plant and average fruit weight was positive and significantly correlated with number of fruits per plant at genotypic and phenotypic level. Path analysis indicated that number of fruits per plant had significantly positive, direct effect on fruit yield per plant at genotypic and phenotypic level. The remaining characters had negligible to low or moderate indirect effects through other component characters. The high direct effect of these traits appeared to be the main factors for their strong association with fruit yield. Therefore, maximum weight age should be given to these characters for improvement of yield in sponge gourd.

2 tables, 31 ref

002311   JANGID G, MANDAL G, KUMARI U (Horticulture and Post Harvest Technology Dep, Institute of Agriculture, Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan, West Bengal) : Response of zinc and boron sprays on growth and yield of Aonla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn) cv. Chakiya. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1290-2.

An experiment was conducted during 2016-17 at Department of Horticulture and Post Harvest technology, Institute of Agriculture, Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan, West Bengal on eight years old aonla trees, to study the effect of foliar application of Zn and B singly and in combinations on the growth and yield of aonla cv. Chakiya, revealed that fruit retention, fruit size (length and breadth), fruit weight, pulp weight, stone weight, pulp thickness and yield were maximized when foliar spray was done with Borax 0.50 % + ZnSO₄ 0.60 %.

2 tables, 13 ref

002324   KUMAR A, PALIWAL A, RAWAT L, KUMAR P, CHAUDHARY S (Agronomy Dep, Uttarakhand Univ of Horticulture and Forestry, Ranichauri, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand) : Performance of high yielding varieties of finger millet (Eleusine coracana) under different fertility level in Garhwal region of Uttarakhand. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1260-1.

A field experiment was conducted during Kharif season of 2017 at V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, Ranichauri, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India to study the effect of fertility level on different high yielding cultivar of finger millet under rainfed conditions of Garhwal hills of Uttarakhand. The experiment consisted of twelve treatments with four varieties namely VL 386, VL 352, GPU 45 and PRM 1 as main plots and three fertility levels viz. 75 % recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), 100 % RDF and 125 % RDF as subplots which were arranged in split plot design with three replication. The data indicated that VL 386 cultivar was the most economical high yielding cultivar of finger millet at 100 % of the recommended dose of fertilizer for rainfed conditions of Garhwal hills of Uttarakhand under timely sown conditions.

1 table, 4 ref

002277   BHAVANI S, SHAKER K C, JAYASREE G, PADMAJA B, REDDY G K (Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Dep, Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural Univ, Polasa, Jagtial, Telangana) : Effect of long term application of inorganic and organic fertilizers on soil micronutrient status. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1247-9.

Soil micronutrients were studied on Inceptisol with an 16-years old experiment at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Jagtial in rice – rice cropping system. The present study was undertaken during kharif, 2016 and results indicated that continuous application of chemical fertilizers and manures increased the micronutrient availability in soil. Application of 100 % NPK + Zn over a period of 16 years significantly increased the Zn content in soil by 37.8 % as against 100 % NPK treatment. Continuous application of FYM (100 % FYM) recorded highest Mn content of 7.75 mg kg^-1 in soil.

1 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref

002375   RANJITHA P, CHIDANANDAPPA H M, DHANANJAYA B C, PRASHANTH K M (Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Dep, Agriculture Coll, Navile, Shivamogga, Karnataka) : Chemical properties and available zinc status in soils coming under paddy land use cover of Bhadra command, Karnataka. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1220-6.

A study was conducted to assess the available zinc status in soils under paddy land use cover of Bhadra command, Karnataka. One hundred and forty-five soil samples were collected from seven different taluks coming under paddy land use cover of Bhadra command and analyzed for physical and chemical properties and available zinc status. Considering 0.60 mg kg-1 as the critical limit of DTPA zinc in soils, 70.34 and 29.66 per cent samples were found to be sufficient and deficient in available zinc, respectively. Sufficiency in available zinc status attributed to regular addition of ZnSO4 to soils for every season of paddy. Further, it is also influenced by pH, organic carbon and CaCO3 content of the soils.

3 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

002340   MISHRA S K, MISHRA S, BAHADUR V (Horticulture Dep, Sam Higgginbottom Univ of Agriculture and Sciences, Prayagraj (Allahabad), Uttar Pradesh) : Effect of growth regulators on growth, yield and shelf life in amaryllis lily (Amaryllis belladona) cv. Zephyranthes. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1217-9.

The present experiment was carried out during September, 2016 to March, 2018 in Research Field of Department of Horticulture, SHUATS, Allahabad. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design (RBD), with thirteen treatments, replicated thrice. The treatments were T₀ = Control, T₁ = GA₃ 150 ppm, T₂ = GA₃ 200 ppm, T₃ = GA₃ 250 ppm, T₄ = GA₃ 300 ppm, T₅ = NAA 150 ppm, T₆ = NAA 200 ppm, T₇= NAA 250 ppm, T₈ = NAA 300 ppm, T₉ = CCC 150 ppm, T₁₀ = CCC 200 ppm, T₁₁ = CCC 250 ppm and T₁₂ = CCC 300 ppm. To evaluate shelf life parameters 7 treatments were replicated thrice in randomized design viz. T₁= Silver nitrate (100 ppm), T₂ = Silver nitrate (200 ppm), T3 Benzyladenine (100 ppm), T₄ Benzyladenine (200 ppm), T5 Benzyladenine (100 ppm) + Silver nitrate (100 ppm), T6 =Benzyaleadenine (200) + Silver nitrate (200ppm), T₇ = Control (water). From the present investigation from two years experimental trial it is concluded that the treatment T₃ (GA₃ 250 ppm) is found to be best in terms of growth and yield parameters as well as cost benefit ratio and lowest was recorded in treatment T₀ (Control) in all the growth and yield parameters, In terms of shelf life of flower the longest shelf life (hours) and lowest physiological loss in weight was recorded in treatment T₄ (Benzyl adenine 200 ppm) followed by treatment T₅ (Benzyl adenine 100 ppm + Silver nitrate 100 ppm) and lowest was recorded in T₇ control (water).

1 table, 13 ref

002295   DIN S, WANI R A, WANI A W, NISAR F, FARWAH S, RIZVI S, WANI T F, NISAR S (Fruit Science Dep, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Jammu and Kashmir) : Fruit set and development: Pre-requisites and enhancement in temperate fruit crops. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1203-16.

Fruit set is the transformation of ovary to a rapidly growing young fruit which is initiated after successful pollination and fertilization. The various prerequisites for good fruit set are the development of flower buds, certain temperature range for good pollination, pollen tube growth, fertilization and relatively high level of photosynthates for developing fruit. Three general categories of limited fruit set recognised may be attributed to limited pollination, limited nutrients and precocious abscission of flowers (Verma and Jindal, 1985). Pollination is an essential process for fruit set, fruit growth, fruit quality, and seed set of temperate fruits mostly apple cultivars. The first step of successful pollination is the transfer of pollen to the stigmatic surface (typically vectored by bees) followed by an adhesion of pollen grains to the papilla cells of the stigmatic surface (Dresselhaus and Franklin-Tong, 2013). Once pollen reaches the base of the style, one sperm nucleus fuses with the egg cell to produce the embryo (resulting in seed set), and the other fuses with the two polar nuclei to produce the endosperm. Pollen source and temperature have a tremendous influence on the rate of pollen tube growth. Almost all apple cultivars are reported to be either self-incompatible or semi-compatible and require cross-pollination to set fruit in marketable quantities (Garratt et al., 2014). For commercial production, at least two cross-compatible cultivars with synchronous flowering are recommended (Banday and Sharma, 2010). There is significant decline in fruit set with increasing distance between pollinizer and main cultivars, and pollinizers should be planted at proper ratio i.e. 11 %, 15 %, 25 % and 33 % for effective pollination (Pandith, 2014). Pollen source is considered to be one of the most influential factors affecting the fruit set. Pollen density on the stigmatic surface is positively correlated with pollen tube growth and fruit growth rate (Zhang et al., 2010). Fruit set improvement can be increased by growth regulators like auxins, cytokinins and gibberellins. This effect can be obtained by natural hormones extracted from the plant itself or by exogenous application of synthetic substances. Other substances like thidiazuron, CPPU (Petri et al., 2010), Prohexadione calcium (P-Ca) (Greene, 2008), and some micronutrients, especially the boron (Lee et al., 2009) increases fruit set especially in apple. Apple seeds, during their development in the fruit, produce a sequence of different types of hormones, the appearance and disappearance of which is linked with successive stages in the development of the endosperm and embryo. Fruits with no seeds or with only a low seed content are not normally able to survive this competition (Bramlage et al., 1990).

9 illus, 7 tables, 71 ref

002341   MISHRA V, PANDEY P, SINGH A K (Horticulture Dep, BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh) : A study on bio-efficacy of Bacillus subtilis based bio-fungicide on early blight, yield and yield attributes of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv. Kufri Jyoti. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1196-202.

The present investigation was carried out at Vegetable Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, B.H.U., Varanasi, India during rabi season 2014-15. The study was carried out to judge the performance of Bacillus subtilis based bio-fungicide ‘Taegro’ on early blight diseases of potato with yield and yield traits. Potato cultivar Kufri Jyoti was used for investigation because it is one of the leading potato cultivar grown in eastern U.P. conditions. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications. Sowing was done on 13^th and 14^th November, 2014. Treatments were consisting of fungicide viz., Dithane M-45, Revus, Taegro and Trichoderma. They were used in different concentration and combination with control. The bio-fungicide Taegro (Bacillus subtilis var. Amyloliquefaciens Strain FZB24) exhibited significant potential in reducing the Early Blight disease incidence and their severity in potato as compared to untreated control whereas combined used of Taegro with standard chemical Dithane M-45 (Mancozeb 75 % WP) and Revus [Mandipropamid (MPD)] gave better result than Taegro (Bacillus subtilis var. Amyloliquefaciens Strain FZB24) alone, as a consequences, this may be used as part of an integrated disease management approach thereby to reduce the use of standard chemical fungicides at higher doses to which the fungus may develop resistance.

2 illus, 12 tables, 7 ref

002298   EKKA R E, SARAWGI A K, KANWAR R R (IGKV, Raipur, Chhattisgarh - 492 012) : Genetics of brown plant hopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal.) resistance in elite donors of rice (Oryza sativa L.). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1187-91.

The inheritance and allelic relationships of genes governing resistance to the brown plant hopper (BPH) was studied in six resistant donors of rice viz, R-RF-55, R1600-1124-2-618-1, R1546-1328-1-90-1, R1677-3473-1-4301-1, R1470-347-136-1-1 and R1670-3267-1-3920-1, in greenhouse condition. The present investigation was conducted at Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur during 2009-2011. Based on the results obtained in F₁ through F₃ generations, BPH resistance was governed by single dominant gene in R-RF-55 and single recessive gene in R1546-1328- 1-90-1. Two independent dominant genes for resistance were observed in R1600-1124-2-618- 1. Allelic test revealed that dominant gene of R1470-347-136-1-1 and R1670-3267-1-3920-1 while recessive gene of R1677-3473-1-430-1 were non-allelic to the genes bph5 (ARC10550) and bph7 (T12). Also, dominant gene of R1470-347-136-1-1 and R1677-3473-1-4301-1 was found non allelic to Bph1 (MTU15) and Bph6 (Swarnalata), respectively. The identification of independent genes would be helpful in pyramiding resistant genes to stabilize resistance.

3 tables, 29 ref